PBDB Collection

Cumberland Cave: Irvingtonian, Maryland

List of taxa

Where & when

Geology

Taphonomy & methods

Metadata & references

Taxonomic list

unclassified

	Pseudotrition ruber	Holman 1977
Mammalia - Proboscidea - Mammutidae

	Mammut americanum (Kerr 1792)	Nicholas 1953
Mammalia - Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae

	Myotis sp. Kaup 1829	Handley 1956

	Myotis cf. grisescens Howell 1909	Handley 1956

	Corynorhinus alleganiensis Gidley and Gazin 1933	Guilday 1971
	= Plecotus alleganiensis Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1938
	a bat

	Corynorhinus alleganiensis n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	recombined as Plecotus alleganiensis

	Vespertilio grandis

	Vespertilio sp. Linnaeus 1758

	Eptesicus cf. grandis (Brown 1908)	Guilday 1971
	= Eptesicus cf. fuscus Beauvois 1796	Alroy 2002
	a bat; Gidley and Gazin 1938

	Pipistrellus sp. Kaup 1829	Guilday and Handley 1967
Mammalia - Megalonychidae

	Megalonyx sp. Harlan 1825	Guilday 1971
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

	Equus sp. Linnaeus 1758	Gidley and Gazin 1938
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Tapiridae

	Tapirus sp. Brisson 1762	Guilday 1971

	Tapirus cf. haysii Leidy 1860
	recombined as Tapirus (Helicotapirus) haysii
Mammalia - Cervidae

	Cervus sp. Linnaeus 1758	Gidley and Gazin 1938

	Odocoileus cf. virginianus (Zimmermann 1780)	Gidley and Gazin 1938
Mammalia - Bovidae

	Taurotragus americanus n. sp. Gidley 1913	Gidley 1913
	(1 measurement)
	= Euceratherium collinum Furlong and Sinclair 1904	Alroy 2002
	see Frick 1937

	Euceratherium americanum (Gidley 1913)	Nicholas 1953
Mammalia - Tayassuidae

	Tayassuidae indet. Palmer 1897

	Mylohyus sp. Cope 1869

	Mylohyus nasutus (Leidy 1868)	Guilday 1971
	= Mylohyus fossilis Leidy 1860	Alroy 2002

	Mylohyus exortivus n. sp. Gidley 1920	Gidley 1920	1 specimen
	synonym of Mylohyus fossilis

	Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy 1889)	Nicholas 1953
	synonym of Mylohyus fossilis

	Platygonus sp. Leconte 1848

	Platygonus vetus Leidy 1882	Nicholas 1953

	Platygonus intermedius n. sp. Gidley 1920	Gidley 1920	1 specimen
	synonym of Platygonus vetus

	Platygonus cumberlandensis n. sp. Gidley 1920	Gidley 1920	1 specimen
	synonym of Platygonus vetus
	(8 measurements)
Mammalia - Suidae

	Suidae indet. Gray 1821
Mammalia - Carnivora - Felidae

	Panthera augusta (Leidy 1872)	Guilday 1971
	synonym of Panthera onca

	Panthera atrox (Leidy 1853)	Guilday 1971
	recombined as Panthera leo atrox

	Felis aff. atrox Leidy 1853	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	recombined as Panthera leo atrox

	Felis inexpectatus (Cope 1895)	Guilday 1971
	= Miracinonyx inexpectatus Cope 1895	Alroy 2002

	Felis cf. inexpectata (Cope 1895)	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	recombined as Miracinonyx inexpectatus

	Smilodon californicus Bovard 1907	Guilday 1971
	synonym of Smilodon fatalis
Mammalia - Carnivora - Ursidae

	Ursus vitabilis Gidley 1913	Guilday 1971
	(6 measurements)
	= Ursus americanus Pallas 1780	Alroy 2002

	Ursus (Euarctos) cf. americanus Pallas 1780

	Ursus americanus Pallas 1780	Gidley 1920

	Euarctos vitabilis Gidley 1913	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Ursus americanus

	Arctodus pristinus Leidy 1854	Guilday 1971

	Arctodus haplodon (Cope 1896)	Nicholas 1953
	synonym of Arctodus pristinus

	Tremarctos floridanus (Gidley 1928)	Guilday 1971
Mammalia - Carnivora - Mustelidae

	Mustela cf. vison (Schreber 1777)	Gidley and Gazin 1938
	recombined as Neogale vison
	(1 measurement)

	Martes parapennanti n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Guilday 1971
	(1 measurement)
	= Martes diluviana Cope 1889	Gidley and Gazin 1938
	recombined as Pekania diluviana

	Martes parapennanti n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Pekania diluviana

	Gulo luscus (Linnaeus 1758)	Guilday 1971
	= Gulo gulo Linnaeus 1758	Alroy 2002
	this is actually the type of "G. gidleyi" of Hall 1936, see Kurten and Anderson 1980

	Gulo gidleyi Hall 1936	Nicholas 1953
	synonym of Gulo gulo

	Lutra parvicuspis n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Guilday 1971
	= Lontra canadensis Schreber 1776	Gidley and Gazin 1938

	Taxidea taxus (Schreber 1778)	Guilday 1971

	Taxidea marylandica Gidley and Gazin 1933	Nicholas 1953
	recombined as Taxidea taxus marylandica

	Taxidea marylandica n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	recombined as Taxidea taxus marylandica
Mammalia - Carnivora - Mephitidae

	Brachyprotoma pristina Brown 1908	Guilday 1971
	(3 measurements)
	= Brachyprotoma obtusata Cope 1899	Alroy 2002

	Mephitis mephitis (Schreber 1776)	Guilday 1971

	Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus 1758)	Guilday 1971
	includes type of "S. marylandensis" of Gidley and Gazin 1933

	Spilogale marylandensis Gidley and Gazin 1933	Nicholas 1953
	synonym of Spilogale putorius

	Spilogale marylandensis n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Spilogale putorius
Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae

	Vulpes sp. Frisch 1775

	Canis sp. Linnaeus 1758

	Canis armbrusteri n. sp. Gidley 1913	Gidley and Gazin 1938
	(2 measurements)

	Canis armbrusteri n. sp. Gidley 1913

	Canis priscolatrans Cope 1899	Guilday 1971
	= Canis latrans Say 1823	Nowak 1979
	"C. lupus" of Martin 1974a

	Canis cf. priscolatrans Cope 1899	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Canis rufus
Mammalia - Talpidae

	Parascalops sp. True 1894	Guilday and Handley 1967

	Parascalops breweri (Bachman 1842)	Guilday 1971

	Condylura sp. Illinger 1811	Guilday and Handley 1967

	Condylura cristata (Linnaeus 1758)	Guilday 1971
Mammalia - Soricidae

	Sorex sp. Linnaeus 1758	Gidley and Gazin 1933

	Sorex cinereus Kerr 1792	Guilday 1971

	Sorex fumeus Miller 1895	Guilday 1971

	Blarina brevicauda (Say 1823)	Guilday 1971

	Blarina carolinensis (Bachman 1837)	Jones et al. 1984
	contra Graham and Semken 1976, "B. kirtlandi" is not present
Mammalia - Lagomorpha - Ochotonidae

	Ochotona cf. princeps (Richardson 1828)	Guilday 1971
	= Ochotona sp. Link 1795	Guilday 1979

	Ochotona cf. princeps (Richardson 1828)
Mammalia - Lagomorpha - Leporidae

	Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758

	Lepus ? americanus Erxleben 1777

	Lepus americanus Erxleben 1777	Nicholas 1953
Mammalia - Rodentia - Sciuridae

	Glaucomys sp. Thomas 1908	Gidley and Gazin 1933

	Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus 1758)	Guilday 1971

	Sciurus tenuidens Hay 1920	Guilday 1971
	= Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben 1777	Gidley and Gazin 1938

	Sciurus hudsonicus Erxleben 1777
	recombined as Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

	Sciurus tenuidens Hay 1920	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

	Sciuropterus cf. alpinus

	Tamias striatus (Linnaeus 1758)	Guilday 1971

	Marmota monax (Linnaeus 1758)	Guilday 1971

	Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (Mitchell 1821)	Guilday 1971

	Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Spermophilus

	Petauristodon sp. Engesser 1979
Mammalia - Rodentia - Geomyidae

	Thomomys potomacensis (Gidley and Gazin 1933)	Guilday 1971

	Plesiothomomys potomacensis n. gen., n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	recombined as Thomomys potomacensis
Mammalia - Rodentia - Castoridae

	Paradipoides sp. Rinker and Hibbard 1952	Guilday 1971
	= Dipoides sp. Jaeger 1835	Korth 2002

	Castor canadensis Kuhl 1820	Guilday 1971
Mammalia - Rodentia - Erethizontidae

	Erethizon sp. Cuvier 1822

	Coendou cumberlandicus n. sp. White 1970	Guilday 1971
	= Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758	Frazier 1981
	replaces ID of White 1970
Mammalia - Rodentia - Zapodidae

	Napaeozapus sp. Miller 1900	Guilday 1979

	Napaeozapus insignis (Miller 1891)	Nicholas 1953
Mammalia - Rodentia - Cricetidae

	Neofiber sp. True 1884	Guilday 1971

	Peromyscus cumberlandensis Guilday and Handley 1967	Guilday 1971

	Peromyscus cf. leucopus (Rafinesque 1818)	Guilday and Handley 1967

	Mictomys sp. True 1894	Guilday 1971
	= Mictomys borealis Richardson 1828	Fejfar and Repenning 1998
	recombined as Synaptomys (Mictomys) borealis
	replaces ID of Repenning 1992, Guilday 1979, and Koenigswald and Martin 1984

	Synaptomys (Myctomys) cf. borealis (Richardson 1828)

	Clethrionomys sp. Tilesius 1850	Guilday and Handley 1967
	synonym of Myodes

	Clethrionomys cf. gapperi (Vigors 1830)	Guilday 1971
	omitted by Repenning 1992 but repeated by Guilday 1979

	Microtus paroperarius Hibbard 1944	Guilday 1971
	= Lasiopodomys deceitensis Guthrie and Matthews 1971	Repenning 1992
	replaces ID of Kurten and Anderson 1980

	Ondatra annectens (Brown 1908)	Guilday 1971
	(1 measurement)

	Microtus sp. Schrank 1798

	Microtus cumberlandensis (van der Meulen 1978)	Guilday 1971
	= Pitymys cumberlandensis van der Meulen 1978	Kurten and Anderson 1980
	confirmed by Repenning 1992

	Microtus cf. chrotorrhinus (Miller 1894)

	Microtus guildayi van der Meulen 1978	Guilday 1971
	= Allophaiomys guildayi van der Meulen 1978	Kurten and Anderson 1980
	original and current combination Microtus guildayi
	confirmed by Repenning 1992

	Microtus cf. involutus Cope 1871	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	synonym of Microtus guildayi

	Phenacomys sp. Merriam 1889	Guilday 1971
	omitted by Repenning 1992 but repeated by Guilday 1979

	Neotoma sp. Say and Ord 1825

	Neotoma magister Baird 1858	Gidley and Gazin 1938
	synonym of Neotoma floridana
	(1 measurement)

	Parahodomys spelaea	Guilday 1971
	= Neotoma spelaea Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1938

	Parahodomys spelaeus n. gen., n. sp. Gidley and Gazin 1933	Gidley and Gazin 1933
	recombined as Neotoma spelaea

	Synaptomys sp. Baird 1858

	Synaptomys cooperi Baird 1858	Gidley and Gazin 1938
	confirmed by Repenning 1992; not clear what "S. borealis" and "Dicrostonyx hudsonius" of Guilday are

	Atopomys salvelinus Zakrzewski 1975	Guilday 1971
	= Atopomys texensis Patton 1965	Alroy 2002
	see Zakrzewski 1975
Reptilia - Scincidae

	Eumeces cf. fasciatus Linnaeus 1758	Holman 1977
Reptilia

	Serpentes indet. (Linnaeus 1758)	Gidley and Gazin 1933
Reptilia - Colubridae

	Thamnophis sp. Fitzinger 1843	Holman 1977

	Carphophis amoenus Say	Holman 1977

	Heterodon cf. platyrhinos (Latreille 1801)	Holman 1977

	Elaphe vulpina (Baird and Girard 1853)	Holman 1977

	Coluber constrictor Linnaeus 1758	Holman 1977

	Opheodrys vernalis	Holman 1977

	Lampropeltis triangulum Lacépède 1788	Holman 1977

	Natrix sipedon (Linnaeus 1758)	Holman 1977
	recombined as Nerodia sipedon

	Diadophis punctatus Linnaeus	Holman 1977
Reptilia - Crotalidae

	Crotalus horridus Linnaeus 1758	Holman 1977
Reptilia - Iguanidae

	Sceloporus cf. undulatus (Bosc 1802)	Holman 1977
Reptilia - Testudines - Emydidae

	Clemmys muhlenbergi (Schoepff 1801)	Holman 1977
	recombined as Glyptemys muhlenbergii

	Chrysemys picta (Schneider 1783)	Holman 1977

	Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus 1758)	Holman 1977
Reptilia - Crocodylia

	Crocodylia indet. (Owen 1842)	Gidley and Gazin 1933
Reptilia - Phasianidae

	Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus 1766)	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984

	Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus 1766)	Wetmore 1927

	Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984
Reptilia - Anseriformes - Anatidae

	Anas crecca Linnaeus 1758	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984
Reptilia - Passeriformes - Corvidae

	Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus 1766)	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984
Reptilia - Columbiformes - Columbidae

	Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus 1758)	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984
Reptilia - Strigiformes - Strigidae

	Otus guildayi n. sp. Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984
Reptilia - Accipitriformes - Accipitridae

	Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus 1758)	Brodkorb and Mourer-Chauvire 1984
Amphibia - Temnospondyli - Ranidae

	Rana clamitans	Holman 1977

	Rana sylvatica	Holman 1977

	Rana pipiens Schreber 1782	Holman 1977
Amphibia - Temnospondyli - Bufonidae

	Bufo woodhousei Girard 1854	Holman 1977

	Bufo americanus Holbrook 1836	Holman 1977
Amphibia - Temnospondyli - Hylidae

	Pseudacris triseriata (Wied 1838)	Holman 1977

	Hyla crucifer	Holman 1977
Amphibia - Temnospondyli - Urodela

	Cryptobranchus guildayi n. sp. Holman 1977	Holman 1977

	Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst 1807	Holman 1977

	Ambystoma tigrinum (Green 1825)	Holman 1977

	Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw 1802)	Holman 1977
	misspelling Amblystoma maculatum

	Gyrinophilus cf. porphyriticus (Green 1827)	Holman 1977

	Plethodon gultinosus	Holman 1977

	Notophthalmus cf. viridescens (Rafinesque 1820)	Holman 1977
see common names

Geography

Country:	United States	State/province:	Maryland	County:	Allegany
Coordinates:	39.6° North, 78.7° West (view map)
Paleocoordinates:	39.6° North, 78.5° West
Basis of coordinate:	based on political unit

Time

Period:	Quaternary	Epoch:	Pleistocene
10 m.y. bin:	Cenozoic 6
Key time interval:	Irvingtonian
Age range of interval:	1.40000 - 0.21000 m.y. ago

Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy comments: Withnell et al. 2020: combined US-ESR dates, paleomagnetics, and data from the Ondatra chronocline provide independent evidence that the fauna from Cumberland Bone Cave is between 660– 830 ka with a most likely age of 756 +87/-98 ka (Fig. 4).

Lithology and environment

Primary lithology:	not reported
Environment:	cave

Taphonomy

Modes of preservation:	body
Size of fossils:	macrofossils,mesofossils

Collection methods and comments

Reason for describing collection:	general faunal/floral analysis
Taxonomic list comments:updates Gidley and Gazin 1938

Metadata

Also known as:	Cumberland Bone Cave
Database number:	20302
Authorizer:	J. Alroy, M. Uhen	Enterer:	J. Alroy, M. Shalap, M. Uhen
Modifier:	G. Varnham	Research group:	vertebrate
Created:	1993-02-18 00:00:00	Last modified:	2022-02-17 06:31:14
Access level:	the public	Released:	1993-02-18 00:00:00
Creative Commons license:	CC BY

Reference information

Primary reference:

39868.

J. W. Gidley. 1913. Preliminary report on a recently discovered Pleistocene cave deposit near Cumberland, Maryland. Proceedings of The United States National Museum 46:93-102 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap/M. Shalap]

Secondary references:

6294		J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals. [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Kouvari]
39871		P. Brodkorb and C. Mourer-Chauvire. 1984. Pleistocene Birds from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. Special Publication of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 8:39-43 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
1478		O. Fejfar and C. A. Repenning. 1998. The ancestors of the lemmings (Lemmini, Arvicolinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia) in the early Pliocene of Wölfersheim near Frankfurt am Main; Germany. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 77(1/2):161-193 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/L. van den Hoek Ostende]
1546		M. K. Frazier. 1981. A revision of the fossil Erethizontidae of North America. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 27(1) [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Ju]
40907		J. W. Gidley. 1913. An Extinct American Eland (with one plate). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(27):1-5 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
40915		J. W. Gidley. 1920. Pleistocene peccaries from the Cumberland cave deposit. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 57(2324):651-678 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
41247		J. W. Gidley. 1920. A Pleistocene cave deposit of western Maryland. Annual Report - Smithsonian Institution 281-287 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap/M. Shalap]
41080		J. W. Gidley and C. L. Gazin. 1933. New Mammalia in the Pleistocene fauna from Cumberland Cave. Journal of Mammology 14(4):343-357 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
1628		J. W. Gidley and C. L. Gazin. 1938. The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. United States National Museum Bulletin 171:1-99 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
1725		J. E. Guilday. 1971. The Pleistocene history of the Appalachian mammal fauna. Research Division Monograph, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 4:233-262 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
1726		J. E. Guilday. 1979. Annals of Carnegie Museum 48(24) [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
40890		J. E. Guilday and C. O. Handley Jr. 1967. A new Peromyscus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Pleistocene of Maryland. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 39:91-103 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap/M. Shalap]
26764		C. O. Handley, Jr. 1956. Bones of mammals From West Virginia caves. American Midland Naturalist 56(1):250-256 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
41081		J. A. Holman. 1977. The Pleistocene (Kansan) herpetofauna of Cumberland Cave, Maryland. Annals of Carnegie Museum 46(11):157-172 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
2046		C. A. Jones, J. R. Choate, and H. H. Genoways. 1984. Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Short-tailed Shrews (Genus Blarina). In H. H. Genoways and M. R. Dawson (eds.), Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication 8:56-148 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
6771		W. W. Korth. 2002. Comments on the systematics and classification of the beavers (Rodentia, Castoridae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 8(4):279-296 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
6221		B. Kurten and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America 1-442 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
40916		B. G. Nicholas. 1954. Plestiocene Ecology of Cumberland Bone Cave. The National Speleological Society Bulletin 16:29-39 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap/M. Shalap]
40636		G. Nicholas. 1953. Recent Paleontological Discoveries from Cumberland Bone Cave. The Scientific Monthly 76(5):301-305 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
2673		R. M. Nowak. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 6:1-154 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
2873		C. A. Repenning. 1992. Allophaiomys and the age of the Olyor Suite, Krestovka sections, Yakutia. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2037(4):1-95 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Ju]
39901		A. Wetmore. 1927. A Record of the Ruffed Grouse from the Pleistocene of Maryland. The Auk 44(4):561 [M. Uhen/M. Shalap]
79907		C. B. Withnell, R. Joannes-Boyau, and C. J. Bell. 2020. A reassessment of the age of the fauna from Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland, (middle Pleistocene) using coupled U-series and electron spin resonance dating (ESR). Quaternary Research 97:1-12 [P. Mannion/G. Varnham/G. Varnham]