Gram Brick Works: Tortonian, Denmark
List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
unclassified
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Aquilophusus semiglaber
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Aquilophusus puggaardi
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Narone rothi
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Invertebrata indet.
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Turitella cochilas
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Ramassamy 2016 | |||||||||
Gastropoda
- Heterostropha
- Pyramidellidae
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Odostomia conoidea
(Brocchi 1814)
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Gastropoda
- Heterostropha
- Ringiculidae
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Ringicula buccinea
(Sowerby 1823)
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Gastropoda
- Turritellidae
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Archimediella cochlias
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Gastropoda
- Xenophoridae
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? Xenophora sp.
Fischer von Waldheim 1807
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Gastropoda
- Neogastropoda
- Muricidae
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Sipho distinctus
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spelled with current rank as Trophon (Sipho) | ||||||||||
Gastropoda
- Neogastropoda
- Borsoniidae
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Bathytoma cataphracta
(Brocchi 1814)
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Gastropoda
- Neogastropoda
- Turridae
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Gemmula badensis
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Gemmula annae
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Brachytoma obtusangula
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Gastropoda
- Neogastropoda
- Costellariidae
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Uromitra cimbrica
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Gastropoda
- Naticidae
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Natica sp.
Scopoli 1777
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Bivalvia
- Nuculanida
- Yoldiidae
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Yoldia glaberrima
(von Münster 1837)
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recombined as Yoldia (Yoldia) glaberrima | ||||||||||
Bivalvia
- Nuculanida
- Nuculanidae
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? Nuculana pygmaea
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Bivalvia
- Nuculida
- Nuculidae
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Nucula sp.
Lamarck 1799
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Bivalvia
- Poromyida
- Cuspidariidae
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Cuspidaria sp.
Dall 1886
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Bivalvia
- Thraciida
- Periplomatidae
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Cochlodesma sp.
Couthouy 1839
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Bivalvia
- Cardiida
- Glossidae
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Isocardia forchhammeri
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Bivalvia
- Cardiida
- Semelidae
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? Abra prisma
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Bivalvia
- Carditida
- Astartidae
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Astarte vetula
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A. vetula reimersi | ||||||||||
Carinastarte vetula
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Ramassamy 2016 | |||||||||
spelled with current rank as Astarte (Carinastarte) | ||||||||||
subspecies reinersi | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Cetacea
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Uranocetus gramensis n. gen., n. sp.
Steeman 2009
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Steeman 2009 | 1 specimen | ||||||||
(4 measurements) | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Cetacea
- Cetotheriidae
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Mesocetus argillarius n. sp.
Roth 1978
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1 individual | |||||||||
recombined as Tranatocetus argillarius | ||||||||||
postrostral part of the skull, the proximal parts of both lower jaw rami, most of the hyoid bone, thirty three vertebrae, ribs and rib fragments, parts of both scapulae, both humeri and two phalangeal bones. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Cetacea
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Isocetus depauwii
Van Beneden and Gervais 1868
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Van Beneden 1880 | |||||||||
corrected as Isocetus depauwi | ||||||||||
Van Beneden did not specify where this animal came from in particular, but McKenna and Bell 1997 say it's from the Gram Formation of Denmark | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Cetacea
- Ziphiidae
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Ziphiidae indet.
Gray 1850
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Ramassamy and Lauridsen 2019 | |||||||||
Dagonodum mojnum n. gen., n. sp.
Ramassamy 2016
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Ramassamy 2016 | 1 specimen | ||||||||
Mammalia
- Cetacea
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Graamocetus longicollis n. gen., n. sp.
Hoch 2004
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Hoch 2004 | 1 specimen | ||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Phocidae
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Phocidae indet.
(Gray 1821)
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original and current combination Phocadae | ||||||||||
limb bones reminiscent of Pagophilus groenlandicus and Erignathus barbatus | ||||||||||
Gryphoca nordica
Koretsky et al. 2014
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Koretsky et al. 2014 | 1 specimen | ||||||||
Pontophoca jutlandica n. sp.
Koretsky et al. 2014
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Koretsky et al. 2014 | 1 specimen | ||||||||
Reptilia
- Testudines
- Dermochelyidae
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Psephophorus sp.
von Meyer 1847
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Actinopteri
- Gadiformes
- Gadidae
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Gadus luscus
Linnaeus 1758
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recombined as Trisopterus luscus | ||||||||||
otoliths | ||||||||||
Actinopteri
- Acanthuriformes
- Sciaenidae
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Sciaena holsatica
(Koken 1891)
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otoliths | ||||||||||
Acipenseriformes
- Acipenseridae
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Acipenser sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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scutes, vertebrae | ||||||||||
Chondrichthyes
- Squalomorphii
- Hexanchidae
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Notidanus primigenius
Agassiz 1835
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recombined as Notorhynchus primigenius | ||||||||||
teeth | ||||||||||
Chondrichthyes
- Lamniformes
- Odontaspididae
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Odontaspis sp.
Agassiz 1838
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teeth | ||||||||||
Chondrichthyes
- Lamniformes
- Cetorhinidae
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Cetorhinus sp.
de Blainville 1816
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vertebrae | ||||||||||
Chondrichthyes
- Lamniformes
- Lamnidae
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Isurus sp.
Rafinesque 1810
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teeth | ||||||||||
Oxyrhina hastalis
Agassiz 1838
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recombined as Carcharodon hastalis | ||||||||||
O. hastalis escheri, teeth | ||||||||||
Chondrichthyes
- Carcharhiniformes
- Galeocerdidae
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Galeocerdo sp.
Müller and Henle 1837
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teeth | ||||||||||
see common names |
Geography
Country: | Denmark | State/province: | Jutland | County: | Sonderjylland |
Coordinates: | 55.3° North, 9.1° East (view map) | ||||
Paleocoordinates: | 55.6° North, 8.1° East | ||||
Basis of coordinate: | based on nearby landmark | ||||
Altitude: | 47 meters | ||||
Geographic resolution: | outcrop |
Time
Period: | Neogene | Epoch: | Miocene |
Stage: | Tortonian | 10 m.y. bin: | Cenozoic 6 |
Key time interval: | Tortonian | ||
Age range of interval: | 11.63000 - 7.24600 m.y. ago | ||
Age estimate: | 8.6 to 7.5 Ma (other) |
Stratigraphy
Formation: | Gram | ||||
Stratigraphic resolution: | group of beds | ||||
Stratigraphy comments: Tortonian-basal Pliocene, from the middle part of the typical Gram clay (20 m in the type locality section where it was divided into five faunal assemblage zones by Rasmussen (1966))
conformably overlies the Hodde Fm (Serravallian) and is unconformably overlain by Quaternary deposits (AH, based on Roth and Hoedemakers 2005) The uppermost portion of the Gram Formation correlates with foraminiferal zone N17 (8.6–5.7 Ma [20, 54]) [208] and – within the clay pit –North Sea foraminiferal zone NSB 13b [209] and dinoflagellate zone D19b (8.7–7.5 Ma [54]), as judged from the last appearance of Spiniferites pseudofurcatus [208, 210]. Together, these dates imply a late Tortonian age (8.6–7.5 Ma). (Marx & Fordyce, 2015) Gram Formation, Late Miocene [15]: based on the composition of associated mollusc fauna, the specimen can be accurately identified as belonging to layer 3 or 4 of the Gram Clay Formation [15,16] which are dated to mid-Torto- nian, ca. 9.9–8 mya according to a combined study of geomagnetic variation, dinoflagellates and malacofauna [16–18]. (Gol'din & Steeman, 2015). |
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: | micaceous poorly lithified silty claystone |
Includes fossils? | Y |
Lithology description: SPECIFIC LITHOLOGY: Silty, dark, micaceous clay. LITHIFICATION: Poorly-lithified, on the basis of figured specimens. (AH) | |
Environment: | marine indet. |
Geology comments: The Gram Formation was deposited in a marine environment at a depth between 50 and 100 m, as indicated by the marine flora associated with terrestrial material, foraminifera and the marine fauna (Rasmussen, 1958, 1966; Laursen & Kristofferson, 1999; Dybkjær & Piasecki, 2010). Fine-grained storm beds similar to the extant coastal layers in the North Sea suggest a progradation of the shoreline (Rasmussen, 2005).
The fauna is typical of a coastal environment with 128 mollusc species and six decapod species (Fraaije, Hansen & Hansen, 2005; Schnetler, 2005). They are associated with shark remains, among others the predator Carcharocles megalodon (Bendix-Almgreen, 1983). Cetaceans are also represented by at least two baleen whale species, Uranocetus gramensis (Stee- man, 2009) and Tranatocetus argillarius (Roth, 1978; Gol’din & Steeman, 2015) and a delphinoid species (Hoch, 2004). |
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation: | body |
Size of fossils: | macrofossils,mesofossils |
Disassociated major elements: | some |
Disassociated minor elements: | some |
Collection methods and comments
Collection excludes: | some genera |
Collection methods: | surface (in situ),field collection |
Reason for describing collection: | taxonomic analysis |
Collection method comments: This was originally reported in Bendix-Almgreen and Roth, 1976, but that reference could not be located in any citation search engines. | |
Taxonomic list comments:Whale specimens are housed in the Geological Museum, Copenhagen. Molluscs originally published in Rasmussen, 1976.
COVERAGE: Exhaustive for molluscs. NOMENCLATURE: Modern nomenclature, with species-resolution identifications. (AH) |
Metadata
Also known as: | Gram Clay Pit | ||
Database number: | 34521 | ||
Authorizer: | J. Alroy, M. Uhen | Enterer: | E. Leckey, M. Uhen |
Modifier: | M. Uhen | Research group: | marine invertebrate,vertebrate |
Created: | 2003-09-04 09:46:34 | Last modified: | 2023-10-17 12:14:32 |
Access level: | the public | Released: | 2003-09-04 09:46:34 |
Creative Commons license: | CC BY |
Reference information
Primary reference:
9111. | 5% 34400 | F. Roth. 1978. Mesocetus argillarius sp.n. (Cetacea, Mysticeti) from Upper Miocene of Denmark, with remarks on the lower jaw and echolocation system in whale phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 7:63-79 [J. Alroy/E. Leckey/E. Leckey] |
Secondary references:
5671 | ETE 1427 | J. L. Franzen. 1985. Exceptional preservation of Eocene vertebrates in the lake deposits of Grube Messel (West Germany). Philosophical Transactions of the the Royal Society, London, B 311:181-186 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik] |
56238 | P. Gol'din and M. E. Steeman. 2015. From problem taxa to problem solver: A new Miocene family, Tranatocetidae, brings perspective on baleen whale evolution. PLoS One 10(9):e0135500 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
16759 | E. Hoch. 2004. Cuvierian analysis, and determination of a delphinoid cetacean from the Late Miocene North Sea. Revue de Paleobiology 9(special):1-15 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
54044 | I. Koretsky, S. Rahmat, and N. Peters. 2014. Rare late Miocene seal taxa (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the North Sea Basin. Vestnik zoologii 48(5):419-432 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
86117 | O. Lambert, M. Bosselaers, and S. Louwye. 2023. Past beaked whale diversity in the North Sea: reappraisal through a new Miocene record and biostratigraphic analyses. Geologica Belgica 26(3-4):117-126 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
55050 | F. G. Marx and R. E. Fordyce. 2015. Baleen boom and bust: a synthesis of mysticete phylogeny, diversity and disparity. Royal Society Open Science 2:140434 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
60356 | B. Ramassamy. 2016. Description of a new long-snouted beaked whale from the Late Miocene of Denmark: evolution of suction feeding and sexual dimorphism in the Ziphiidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178:381-409 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
70778 | B. Ramassamy and H. Lauridsen. 2019. A new specimen of Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the late Miocene of Denmark with morphological evidence for suction feeding behaviour. Royal Society Open Science 6(10):191347 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
31574 | M. E. Steeman. 2009. A new baleen whale from the Late Miocene of Denmark and early mysticete hearing. Palaeontology 52(5):1169-1190 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen] | |
12641 | P. J. Van Beneden. 1880. Les mysticetes a courts fanons des sables des environs d'anvers. Bulletins de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 1880:11-27 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Uhen] |