PBDB

Opinions from J. A. Gardner 1943

'Aequipecten was reranked as Chlamys (Aequipecten) and belongs to Chlamys'
'Aequipecten eborea is recombined as Pecten (Plagioctenium) eboreus' according to Dall 1898
'Aequipecten eborea is recombined as Chlamys (Plagioctenium) eboreus' according to Mansfield 1932
'Aequipecten eborea is recombined as Chlamys (Aequipecten) eborea'
'Agriopoma was reranked as Calliocardia (Agriopoma) and belongs to Callocardia'
'Alectrion neogenensis belongs to Alectrion' according to Gardner and Aldrich 1919
'Alectrion neogenensis is recombined as Uzita neogenensis'
'Amussium is corrected as Amusium and belongs to Pectinidae'
'Amussium was reranked as Pecten (Amusium) and belongs to Pecten' according to Dall 1898
'Anadara was reranked as Arca (Anadara) and belongs to Arca' according to Mansfield 1932
'Anadara callicestosa wilsoni belongs to Anadara callicestosa'
'Anadara magnoliana belongs to Anadara'
'Arca belongs to Arcidae'
'Arca carolinensis is recombined as Scapharca (Scapharca) carolinensis' according to Dall 1898
'Arca carolinensis belongs to Arca' according to Sheldon 1916
'Arca carolinensis is recombined as Anadara carolinensis'
'Arca lienosa is recombined as Scapharca (Scapharca) lienosa' according to Dall 1898
'Arca lienosa belongs to Arca' according to Sheldon 1916
'Arca lienosa is recombined as Arca (Anadara) lienosa' according to Mansfield 1932
'Arca lienosa is recombined as Anadara lienosa'
'Arca lienosa is recombined as Scapharca lienosa' according to Conrad 1863
'Arca lienosa belongs to Arca' according to Heilprin 1887
'Arca propatula belongs to Arca' according to Conrad 1844
'Arca propatula is recombined as Barbatia (Granoarca) propatula' according to Conrad 1863
'Arca propatula belongs to Arca' according to Sheldon 1916
'Arca propatula is recombined as Barbatia (Granoarca) propatula' according to Mansfield 1932
'Arca propatula is recombined as Barbatia (Granoarca) propatula'
'Arca protracta belongs to Arca' according to W. B. Rogers and H. D. Rogers 1837
'Arca protracta is recombined as Anadara protracta'
'Arca scalaris belongs to Arca' according to Conrad 1844
'Arca scalaris is recombined as Scapharca scalaris' according to Conrad 1863
'Arca scalaris is recombined as Scapharca (Cunearca) scalaris' according to Dall 1898
'Arca scalaris belongs to Arca' according to Sheldon 1916
'Arca scalaris is recombined as Arca (Cunearca) scalaris' according to Mansfield 1932
'Arca scalaris is recombined as Anadara (Cunearca) scalaris'
'Archimediella (Torculoidella) was reranked as Turritella (Torculoidella) and belongs to Turritella'
'Artemis acetabulum belongs to Artemis' according to Conrad 1832
'Artemis acetabulum is recombined as Dosinia acetabulum' according to Conrad 1862
'Artemis acetabulum is recombined as Dosinia (Dosinidia) acetabulum' according to Dall 1903
'Artemis acetabulum is recombined as Dosinia (Dosinidia) acetabulum'
'Artemis elegans is recombined as Dosinia elegans' according to Conrad 1863
'Artemis elegans is recombined as Dosinia (Dosinidia) elegans' according to Dall 1903
'Artemis elegans is recombined as Dosinia elegans' according to Böse 1906
'Artemis elegans is recombined as Dosinia (Dosinidia) elegans' according to Palmer 1926
'Barbatia belongs to Arcidae'
'Barbatia (Granoarca) belongs to Barbatia' according to Conrad 1862
'Barbatia (Granoarca) belongs to Barbatia'
'Buccinum aratum belongs to Buccinum' according to Say 1824
'Buccinum aratum is recombined as Tritia arata' according to Conrad 1862
'Buccinum aratum is recombined as Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa) arata' according to Conrad 1868
'Buccinum aratum is recombined as Ilyanassa (Paranassa) arata' according to Dall 1892
'Buccinum aratum is recombined as Paranassa arata' according to Cossmann 1901
'Buccinum bidentatum belongs to Buccinum' according to Emmons 1858
'Buccinum bidentatum is recombined as Nassa bidentata' according to Dall 1890
'Buccinum bidentatum is recombined as Uzita bidentata'
'Buccinum harpuloides belongs to Buccinum' according to Conrad 1844
'Buccinum harpuloides is recombined as Tritia harpuloides' according to Conrad 1863
'Buccinum harpuloides is recombined as Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa) harpuloides' according to Conrad 1868
'Buccinum harpuloides is recombined as Nassa harpuloides' according to Dall 1892
'Buccinum harpuloides is recombined as Ilyanassa harpuloides'
'Buccinum sexdentatum belongs to Buccinum' according to Conrad 1843
'Buccinum sexdentatum is recombined as Tritia sexdentata' according to Conrad 1863
'Buccinum sexdentatum is recombined as Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa) sexdentata' according to Conrad 1868
'Buccinum sexdentatum is recombined as Ilyanassa sexdentata'
'Callista (Callista) belongs to Callista' according to Poli 1791
'Callocardia (Agriopoma) belongs to Callocardia'
'Callocardia (Agriopoma) castoriana belongs to Callocardia (Agriopoma)'
'Cardiolucina was reranked as Phacoides (Cardiolucina) and belongs to Phacoides'
'Chamelea was reranked as Chione (Chamelea) and belongs to Chione'
'Chamelea was reranked as Dione (Chamelea) and belongs to Dione' according to Conrad 1863
'Chione belongs to Venerinae'
'Chione (Chione) belongs to Chione' according to von Mühlfield 1811
'Chione (Chione) belongs to Chione'
'Chione dalli is recombined as Chione (Chione) dalli' according to Palmer 1926
'Chione dalli is recombined as Chione (Chamelea) dalli'
'Chlamys belongs to Pectinidae'
'Chlamys (Lyropecten) planicosta belongs to Chlamys (Lyropecten)'
'Chlamys (Placopecten) belongs to Chlamys'
'Chlamys (Placopecten) is reassigned into Pecten' according to Dall 1898
'Codakia (Jagonia) magnoliana is recombined as Ctena magnoliana'
'Codakia (Jagonia) magnoliana belongs to Codakia (Jagonia)' according to Dall 1903
'Costacallista was reranked as Macrocallista (Costacallista) and belongs to Macrocallista'
'Ctena belongs to Lucinidae'
'Ctena microimbricata belongs to Ctena'
'Cyprina tridacnoides belongs to Cyprina' according to Lamarck 1818
'Cyprina tridacnoides is recombined as Venus tridacnoides' according to Conrad 1838
'Cyprina tridacnoides is recombined as Mercenaria tridacnoides' according to Conrad 1863
'Cyprina tridacnoides is recombined as Venus tridacnoides' according to Dall 1903
'Cyprina tridacnoides is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) campechiensis tridacnoides'
'Cytherea reposta is recombined as Callista (Callista) reposta' according to Palmer 1926
'Cytherea reposta is recombined as Macrocallista (Macrocallista) reposta'
'Cytherea reposta belongs to Cytherea' according to Conrad 1834
'Cytherea reposta is recombined as Dione reposta' according to Conrad 1863
'Cytherea reposta is recombined as Macrocallista reposta' according to Dall 1903
'Cytherea sayana belongs to Cytherea' according to Conrad 1833
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Venus sayana' according to D'Orbigny 1852
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Meretrix sayana' according to Conrad 1854
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Venus sayana' according to Tuomey and Holmes 1856
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Dione sayana' according to Conrad 1863
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Callocardia (Agriopoma) sayana' according to Dall 1903
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Pitaria (Pitaria) sayana' according to Palmer 1926
'Cytherea sayana is recombined as Callocardia (Agriopoma) sayana'
'Dosinia belongs to Dosiniinae'
'Dosinia (Dosinidia) belongs to Dosinia'
'Dosiniinae belongs to Veneridae'
'Gemma belongs to Gemminae'
'Gemma cravenensis belongs to Gemma'
'Gemma magna belongs to Gemma' according to Dall 1903
'Gemma magna belongs to Gemma'
'Gemma magna insulcata belongs to Gemma magna'
'Gemma magna majorina belongs to Gemma magna'
'Gemma magna virginiana belongs to Gemma magna' according to Dall 1903
'Gemma magna virginiana belongs to Gemma magna'
'Gemma verdevilla belongs to Gemma'
'Gemminae belongs to Veneridae'
'Ilyanassa belongs to Nassariidae'
'Ilyanassa (Paranassa) isogramma belongs to Ilyanassa (Paranassa)' according to Dall 1892
'Ilyanassa (Paranassa) isogramma is recombined as Ilyanassa isogramma'
'Ilyanassa schizopyga belongs to Ilyanassa' according to Dall 1892
'Ilyanassa schizopyga belongs to Ilyanassa'
'Ilyanassa wilmingtonensis belongs to Ilyanassa'
'Jagonia is a subjective synonym of Ctena'
'Jagonia was reranked as Codakia (Jagonia) and belongs to Codakia' according to Dall 1898
'Lucina cribraria is recombined as Phacoides (Lucinisca) cribrarius'
'Lucina cribraria belongs to Lucina' according to Say 1824
'Lucina cribraria is recombined as Codakia cribraria' according to Conrad 1863
'Lucina cribraria is recombined as Phacoides (Lucinisca) cribrarius' according to Dall 1903
'Lucina cribraria is recombined as Lucina (Lucinisca) cribraria' according to Chavan 1937
'Lucina multistriata is corrected as Lucina multilineata and belongs to Lucina' according to Tuomey and Holmes 1856
'Lucina multistriata is recombined as Phacoides (Parvilucina) multilineatus' according to Dall 1903
'Lucina multistriata is recombined as Phacoides (Parvilucina) multilineata' according to Mansfield 1932
'Lucina multistriata is recombined as Parvilucina multilineata' according to Chavan 1937
'Lucina multistriata is recombined as Phacoides (Parvilucina) multilineatus'
'Lucina multistriata belongs to Lucina' according to Conrad 1841
'Lucina multistriata is recombined as Codakia multistriata' according to Conrad 1863
'Lucina soror is recombined as Diplodonta soror'
'Lucina speciosa belongs to Lucina' according to Rogers and Rogers 1837
'Lucina speciosa is recombined as Codakia speciosa' according to Conrad 1863
'Lucina speciosa is recombined as Codakia (Jagonia) speciosa' according to Dall 1903
'Lucina speciosa is recombined as Ctena speciosa'
'Lucina trisulcata is recombined as Phacoides (Cavilucina) trisulcatus' according to Dall 1903
'Lucina trisulcata is recombined as Phacoides (Cardiolucina) trisulcatus' according to Mansfield 1932
'Lucina trisulcata is recombined as Phacoides (Cardiolucina) trisulcatus'
'Lucinisca was reranked as Phacoides (Lucinisca) and belongs to Phacoides'
'Lucinisca was reranked as Lucina (Lucinisca) and belongs to Lucina' according to Chavan 1937
'Lyropecten was reranked as Pecten (Lyropecten) and belongs to Pecten' according to Dall 1898
'Lyropecten was reranked as Chlamys (Lyropecten) and belongs to Chlamys'
'Macoma belongs to Tellinidae'
'Macoma carolinensis belongs to Macoma' according to Gardner and Aldrich 1919
'Macoma carolinensis belongs to Macoma'
'Macoma conradi belongs to Macoma' according to Dall 1900
'Macoma conradi is recombined as Macoma virginiana conradi'
'Macoma cookei belongs to Macoma'
'Macoma virginiana belongs to Macoma' according to Conrad 1866
'Macoma virginiana belongs to Macoma'
'Macrocallista belongs to Meretricinae'
'Macrocallista (Costacallista) emmonsi belongs to Macrocallista (Costacallista)'
'Macrocallista (Macrocallista) belongs to Macrocallista'
'Mactra fragilis is recombined as Mactra (Mactrodesma) fragilis'
'Mactrodesma was reranked as Mactra (Mactrodesma) and belongs to Mactra'
'Marginella lachrimula is recombined as Cypraeolina lachrimula'
'Mercenaria was reranked as Venus (Mercenaria) and belongs to Venus'
'Mercenaria carolinensis belongs to Mercenaria' according to Conrad 1875
'Mercenaria carolinensis is recombined as Venus campechiensis carolinensis' according to Palmer 1926
'Mercenaria carolinensis is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) campechiensis carolinensis'
'Mercenaria plena belongs to Mercenaria' according to Conrad 1869
'Mercenaria plena is recombined as Venus plena' according to Heilprin 1887
'Mercenaria plena is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) plena'
'Meretricinae belongs to Veneridae'
'Moerella was reranked as Tellina (Moerella) and belongs to Tellina'
'Mya arenaria belongs to Mya' according to Linnaeus 1758
'Mya arenaria belongs to Mya'
'Nassa johnsoni belongs to Nassa' according to Dall 1892
'Nassa johnsoni is recombined as Ilyanassa johnsoni'
'Nassa obsoleta is recombined as Ilyanassa obsoleta'
'Nassa smithiana belongs to Nassa' according to Olsson 1916
'Nassa smithiana is recombined as Uzita smithiana'
'Natica fragilis belongs to Natica' according to Conrad 1830
'Natica fragilis is recombined as Sigaretus fragilis' according to Conrad 1842
'Natica fragilis is recombined as Sigaretus (Naticina) fragilis' according to Conrad 1863
'Natica fragilis belongs to Natica' according to Emmons 1858
'Natica fragilis is recombined as Sinum fragilis'
'Naticina was reranked as Sigaretus (Naticina) and belongs to Sigaretus' according to Conrad 1863
'Ostrea sellaeformis belongs to Ostrea' according to Conrad 1832
'Paranassa was reranked as Ilyanassa (Paranassa) and belongs to Ilyanassa' according to Dall 1892
'Pecten belongs to Pectinidae'
'Pecten (Euvola) belongs to Pecten'
'Pecten (Pecten) raveneli belongs to Pecten (Pecten)' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten (Pecten) raveneli is recombined as Pecten raveneli' according to Johnson 1934
'Pecten (Pecten) raveneli belongs to Pecten (Pecten)' according to Tucker 1936
'Pecten (Pecten) raveneli is recombined as Pecten (Euvola) raveneli' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten (Pecten) raveneli is recombined as Pecten (Euvola) raveneli'
'Pecten (Plagioctenium) is reassigned into Chlamys' according to Mansfield 1932
'Pecten (Plagioctenium) belongs to Pecten'
'Pecten clintonius is recombined as Chlamys (Placopecten) clintonius' according to Verrill 1897
'Pecten clintonius is recombined as Pecten (Placopecten) clintonius' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten clintonius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) clintonius' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten clintonius is recombined as Chlamys (Placopecten) clintonius'
'Pecten comparilis is recombined as Chlamys (Aequipecten) comparilis'
'Pecten comparilis belongs to Pecten' according to Tuomey and Holmes 1855
'Pecten comparilis is recombined as Pecten eboreus comparilis' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten comparilis is recombined as Chlamys (Plagioctenium) comparilis' according to Mansfield 1932
'Pecten comparilis is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) comparilis' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten decemnarius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) decemnarius' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten decemnarius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) decemnarius' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten decemnarius is recombined as Chlamys (Chlamys) decemnarius' according to Rowland 1936
'Pecten decemnarius is recombined as Chlamys decemnarius'
'Pecten ernestsmithi belongs to Pecten' according to Tucker 1931
'Pecten ernestsmithi is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) ernestsmithi' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten ernestsmithi is recombined as Chlamys (Lyropecten) ernestsmithi'
'Pecten gibbus is recombined as Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten gibbus is recombined as Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus'
'Pecten jeffersonius is recombined as Pecten (Lyropecten) jeffersonius' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten jeffersonius is recombined as Chlamys (Lyropecten) jeffersonius' according to Mansfield 1932
'Pecten jeffersonius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) jeffersonius' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten jeffersonius is recombined as Chlamys (Lyropecten) jeffersonia'
'Pecten madisonius is recombined as Pecten (Lyropecten) madisonius' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten madisonius belongs to Pecten' according to Mansfield 1928
'Pecten madisonius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) madisonius' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten madisonius is recombined as Chlamys (Lyropecten) madisonia'
'Pecten marylandicus belongs to Pecten' according to Wagner 1839
'Pecten marylandicus is recombined as Pecten (Placopecten) marylandicus' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten marylandicus is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) marylandicus' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten marylandicus is recombined as Chlamys (Placopecten) marylandica'
'Pecten mortoni belongs to Pecten' according to Ravenel 1844
'Pecten mortoni is recombined as Pecten (Amusium) mortoni' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten mortoni is recombined as Amussium mortoni' according to Böse 1906
'Pecten mortoni is recombined as Pecten (Amusium) mortoni' according to Graban and Shimer 1909
'Pecten mortoni is recombined as Amusium mortoni' according to Mansfield 1932
'Pecten mortoni is recombined as Amusium mortoni'
'Pecten septenarius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) jeffersonius septenarius' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten septenarius is recombined as Chlamys (Lyropecten) jeffersonia septenaria'
'Pecten septenarius is recombined as Pecten (Lyropecten) jeffersonius septenarius' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten septenarius is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) jeffersonius septenarius' according to Glenn 1904
'Pecten virginianus belongs to Pecten' according to Conrad 1840
'Pecten virginianus is recombined as Pecten (Placopecten) virginianus' according to Dall 1898
'Pecten virginianus is recombined as Chlamys (Placopecten) virginianum' according to Tucker 1934
'Pecten virginianus is recombined as Pecten (Chlamys) virginianus' according to Mansfield 1936
'Pecten virginianus is recombined as Chlamys (Placopecten) virginiana'
'Peronidia was reranked as Tellina (Peronidia) and belongs to Tellina' according to Dall 1900
'Phacoides belongs to Lucinidae'
'Phacoides (Cardiolucina) postalveatus belongs to Phacoides (Cardiolucina)'
'Phacoides (Parvilucina) belongs to Phacoides'
'Pitaria (Pitaria) belongs to Pitaria' according to Roemer 1857
'Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa) granifera is recombined as Ilyanassa granifera' according to Conrad 1892
'Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa) granifera is recombined as Ilyanassa granifera'
'Ptychosalpinx scalaspira is recombined as Ilyanassa scalaspira'
'Ptychosalpinx scalaspira is recombined as Nassa scalaspira' according to Dall 1892
'Scapharca (Scapharca) callicestosa belongs to Scapharca (Scapharca)' according to Dall 1898
'Scapharca (Scapharca) callicestosa is recombined as Arca callicestosa' according to Sheldon 1916
'Scapharca (Scapharca) callicestosa is recombined as Arca (Anadara) callicestosa' according to Mansfield 1932
'Scapharca (Scapharca) callicestosa is recombined as Anadara callicestosa'
'Sinum belongs to Naticidae'
'Tapes grus is recombined as Chione (Timoclea) grus'
'Tapes grus is recombined as Chione (Timoclea) grus' according to Dall 1903
'Tellina belongs to Tellinidae'
'Tellina (Angulus) dupliniana belongs to Tellina (Angulus)' according to Dall 1900
'Tellina (Angulus) dupliniana is recombined as Tellina (Moerella) dupliniana'
'Tellina (Angulus) macilenta belongs to Tellina (Angulus)' according to Dall 1900
'Tellina (Angulus) macilenta is recombined as Tellina (Moerella) macilenta' according to Mansfield 1932
'Tellina (Angulus) macilenta is recombined as Tellina (Moerella) macilenta'
'Tellina (Moerella) calpix belongs to Tellina (Moerella)'
'Tellina (Moerella) verdevilla belongs to Tellina (Moerella)'
'Tellina declivis belongs to Tellina' according to Conrad 1834
'Tellina declivis is recombined as Tellina (Angulus) declivis' according to Conrad 1863
'Tellina declivis belongs to Tellina' according to Grabau and Shimer 1909
'Tellina declivis is recombined as Tellina (Moerella) declivis'
'Tellina egena belongs to Tellina' according to Conrad 1834
'Tellina egena is recombined as Tellina (Peronidia) egena' according to Dall 1900
'Tellina egena belongs to Tellina'
'Tellina sayi belongs to Tellina' according to Dall 1900
'Tellina sayi is recombined as Tellina (Moerella) sayi'
'Timoclea was reranked as Chione (Timoclea) and belongs to Chione' according to Dall 1903
'Torcula was reranked as Turritella (Torcula) and belongs to Turritella'
'Tritia irrorata is recombined as Ilyanassa irrorata'
'Tritia irrorata belongs to Tritia' according to Conrad 1863
'Tritia irrorata is recombined as Ilyanassa irrorata' according to Conrad 1868
'Turritella belongs to Turritellidae'
'Turritella duplinensis belongs to Turritella' according to Gardner and Aldrich 1919
'Turritella duplinensis is recombined as Turritella (Torculoidella) duplinensis'
'Turritella pilsbryi belongs to Turritella' according to Gardner 1928
'Turritella pilsbryi belongs to Turritella'
'Turritella plebeia belongs to Turritella' according to Say 1824
'Turritella plebeia belongs to Turritella'
'Turritella plebeia carinata belongs to Turritella plebeia'
'Turritella terstriata belongs to Turritella' according to W. B. Rogers and H. D. Rogers 1837
'Turritella terstriata is recombined as Turritella (Torcula) terstriata'
'Venerinae belongs to Veneridae'
'Venus belongs to Venerinae'
'Venus (Mercenaria) berryi belongs to Venus (Mercenaria)'
'Venus campechiensis is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) campechiensis'
'Venus cortinaria belongs to Venus' according to W. B. Rogers and H. D. Rogers 1847
'Venus cortinaria is recombined as Dione (Chamelea) cortinaria' according to Conrad 1863
'Venus cortinaria is recombined as Chione cortinaria' according to Dall 1903
'Venus cortinaria is recombined as Chione (Chione) cortinaria' according to Palmer 1926
'Venus cortinaria is recombined as Chione (Chione) cortinaria'
'Venus cribraria belongs to Venus' according to Conrad 1843
'Venus cribraria is recombined as Dione (Chamelea) cribraria' according to Conrad 1863
'Venus cribraria is recombined as Chione cribraria' according to Dall 1903
'Venus cribraria is recombined as Chione (Chione) cribraria' according to Palmer 1926
'Venus cribraria is recombined as Chione (Chione) cribraria'
'Venus mercenaria belongs to Venus' according to Linnaeus 1758
'Venus mercenaria is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria'
'Venus notata belongs to Venus' according to Say 1822
'Venus notata is recombined as Mercenaria notata' according to Holmes 1858
'Venus notata belongs to Venus' according to Gould 1870
'Venus notata is recombined as Venus mercenaria notata' according to Dall 1903
'Venus notata is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria notata'
'Venus plena inflata belongs to Venus plena' according to Dall 1903
'Venus plena inflata is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) plena inflata'
'Venus plena nucea is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) plena nucea'
'Venus plena nucea belongs to Venus plena' according to Dall 1903
'Venus rileyi is recombined as Venus (Mercenaria) campechiensis rileyi'
'Venus rileyi belongs to Venus' according to Conrad 1838
'Venus rileyi is recombined as Mercenaria rileyi' according to Conrad 1863