PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126148 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Siberia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene					Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Middle Miocene					Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene						15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene						27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Late Eocene					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene					Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene					Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Late Paleocene					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene					Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene					Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras					168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Kathwai	Melekhovian		251.902
										252.4 *
							Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru			254.14
							Kalabagh			255 *
							Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
								Noginskian		264.9 *
										265.3 *
							Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Amb			266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian		303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
								Kashirian	311.4 *
								Vereian	313.8
								Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian						Melekessian	315.2
								Cheremshanian	316.9 *
								Prikamian	318.6 *
								Severokeltmian	319.9 *
								Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
								Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Zapaltjubian	323.2
								Protvian	324.4 *
								Steshevian	326.8 *
								Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					Venevian	330.9
								Mikhailovian	331.9 *
								Aleksinian	333.7 *
								Tulian	335.8 *
								Bobrikian	339.9 *
								Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Kosvian	346.7
								Kizelian	350.7 *
								Cherepetian	351.9 *
								Karakubian	354.4 *
								Upinian	356.3 *
								Malevkian	357.6 *
								Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †			449.6 *
					Cheneyan				451.5 *
					Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
						Actonian †			453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †	455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †	456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian				470
					Whitlandian				471.1 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
					Cressagian				480.8 *
					Cressagian				Mansian †	483.55 *
									Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10										Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian										Iverian	489.5
									Aksaian				490.7 *
									Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian										Idamean	494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	Idamean	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Ayusokkanian			Mindyallan	497
									Ayusokkanian			Boomerangian	499
									Mayan/Menevian			Boomerangian	499.5
		Drumian										Undillan	500.5
		Drumian										Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Amgan/Solvan			Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan										Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
									Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
									Toyonian				510.8 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Botomian				514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian				521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
															538.8