PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	European Faunal Zones	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian		MN 17								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16								2.58
		Piacenzian		MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean		MN 15								3.6
				MN 14								4.2
				MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		MN 13								5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12								7.246
				MN 11								7.75
				MN 10								8.7
				MN 9								9.7
				MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian		MN 7 + 8								11.63
		Serravallian		MN 6								12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5								13.82
		Burdigalian		MN 4								15.98
				MN 3								16.9
				MN 2								20
		Aquitanian		MN 2								20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras					168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
							Planulata					179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
							Kanense					181.3 *
							Carlottense					182.3 *
							Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae					184.2
							Freboldi					185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
					189.2 *			Tetraspidoceras
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian					Leine	264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
				Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A					303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian					305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian					307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
												419.2