PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian								0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras					168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
							Planulata					179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
							Kanense					181.3 *
							Carlottense					182.3 *
							Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae					184.2
							Freboldi					185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
				Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
					Cantabrian	305 *
				Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
				Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
			Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
												419.2