International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126148 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Land Mammal Ages | European Faunal Zones | Cenozoic Subepochs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||||
| Santarosean | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | 0.0117 | ||||||||
| Rancholabrean | 0.014 | ||||||||||
| Chibanian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | |||||||||
| Irvingtonian | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | |||||||||
| Blancan | 1.4 | ||||||||||
| Gelasian | MN 17 | 1.8 | |||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | MN 16 | Late Pliocene | 2.58 | ||||||
| MN 15 | 3.2 | ||||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | |||||||||
| MN 14 | 4.2 | ||||||||||
| Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||||
| MN 13 | 4.9 | ||||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | ||||||||
| Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | |||||||||
| MN 11 | 7.75 | ||||||||||
| MN 10 | 8.7 | ||||||||||
| Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||||
| MN 9 | 9.7 | ||||||||||
| MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | ||||||||||
| Serravallian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | |||||||||
| Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||||
| MN 6 | 12.8 * | ||||||||||
| Langhian | MN 5 | 13.82 | |||||||||
| Burdigalian | MN 4 | Early Miocene | 15.98 | ||||||||
| Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||||
| MN 3 | 16.9 | ||||||||||
| Arikareean | 18.5 | ||||||||||
| MN 2 | 20 | ||||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||||
| MN 1 | 22.4 | ||||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | |||||||
| Rupelian | Early Oligocene | 27.82 | |||||||||
| Whitneyan | 29.5 | ||||||||||
| Orellan | 31.8 | ||||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Chadronian | Late Eocene | 33.9 | |||||||
| Duchesnean | 37 | ||||||||||
| Bartonian | Middle Eocene | 37.71 | |||||||||
| Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | ||||||||||
| Bridgerian | 46.2 | ||||||||||
| Ypresian | Early Eocene | 47.8 | |||||||||
| Wasatchian | 50.5 | ||||||||||
| Clarkforkian | 54.9 | ||||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | Late Paleocene | 56 | ||||||||
| Tiffanian | 56.2 | ||||||||||
| Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | |||||||||
| Torrejonian | 60.9 | ||||||||||
| Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | |||||||||
| Puercan | 63.8 | ||||||||||
| 66 | |||||||||||