PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126148 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian					MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16	Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15	Late Pliocene	3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15	Early Pliocene	3.6
							MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	MN 14		4.7
							MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13	Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12		7.246
							MN 11		7.75
							MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	MN 10		9.4
							MN 9		9.7
							MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian			12.5
							MN 6		12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5		13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4	Early Miocene	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	MN 4		16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	MN 3		16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	MN 3		18.5
							MN 2		20
		Aquitanian					MN 2		20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian					23.1 *
				Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
						Whitneyan			29.5
						Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian		Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean		Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian		Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian			50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan		Early Paleocene	63.8
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