PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian										0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †							2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian									27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian											37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1								61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian				443.8
		Katian		Gamachian				445.2
				Richmondian				446 *
				Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian		453
				Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian						467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean					477.7
				Stairsian					480.3 *
				Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10	Sunwaptan								487.5
		Jiangshanian	Sunwaptan								489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean								493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran					514
							Montezuman					514.8 *
							Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8