PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale				European Faunal Zones		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene			0.129
						Ensenadan					0.3 *
										Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian	0.774
										Nukumaruan	1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian		MN 17							1.8
		Gelasian		MN 17						Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16		Vorohuean		Late Pliocene			2.58
						Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
										Waipipian	3
				MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
						Montehermosan				Opoitian	3.7 *
				MN 14		Montehermosan					4.2
				MN 13		Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian		MN 12							7.246
				MN 11							7.75
				MN 11		Chasicoan					7.9 *
				MN 10							8.7
				MN 9							9.7
						Mayoan					9.9 *
						Laventan					10.9 *
									Southland	Waiauan	11.04
				MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian		MN 7 + 8				Middle Miocene			11.63
				MN 6							12.8 *
										Lillburnian	13.05
						Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian		MN 5							13.82
										Clifdenian	15.1
						Friasian				Clifdenian	15.4 *
									Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian		MN 4				Early Miocene			15.98
				MN 4		Santacrucian					16.2 *
				MN 3		Santacrucian					16.9
						Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
										Otaian	18.7
				MN 2							20
		Aquitanian									20.44
						Deseadan					20.9 *
									Landon	Waitakian	21.7
				MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			23.03
										Duntroonian	25.2
										Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene			33.9
									Arnold	Runangan	34.6
						Divisaderan				Runangan	35.9 *
										Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene		Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian									41.2
						Mustersan					41.9 *
									Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
										Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		47.8
					Casamayoran	47.9 *
						Mangaorapan		48.9
						Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Late Paleocene	Teurian		56
			Itaboraian					56.9 *
			Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan		Early Paleocene			62.4 *
											66