PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
							0
							1.4
							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Senecan/Rexroadian	Late Pliocene	Wanganui	Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Waipipian	3
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Waipipian	3.6
						Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian					7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
					Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
						Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian	13.82
						Clifdenian	15.1
					Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian				18.5
						Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian	21.7
							23.03 *
							23.1
							25.2
							29.5
							34.6