International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127093 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesSouth American Land Mammal AgesCretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
0
1.4
1.7
2.4
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianSenecan/RexroadianVorohuean/UquianWanganuiMangapanian2.58 *
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
Waipipian3
Zanclean3.6
MontehermosanOpoitian3.7 *
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
Huayquerian4.9 *
MioceneMessinianTaranakiKapitean5.333
Tongaporutuan7.2
Tortonian7.246
Chasicoan7.9 *
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
SouthlandWaiauan11.04
Serravallian11.63
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
Lillburnian13.05
Colloncuran13.7 *
Langhian13.82
Clifdenian15.1
Friasian15.4 *
PareoraAltonian15.9
Burdigalian15.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian18.5
Otaian18.7
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
LandonWaitakian21.7
23.03 *
23.1
25.2
28.9
29.5
34.6