International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Land Mammal Ages | Ten Million Year Bins | European Faunal Units | Cenozoic Subepochs | Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | |||||||||
| 1.4 | |||||||||
| 2.4 | |||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Blancan | Cenozoic 6 | Villanyian | Late Pliocene | Wanganui | Mangapanian | 2.58 |
| Waipipian | 3 | ||||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | ||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | |||||||
| Opoitian | 3.7 | ||||||||
| Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | Late Miocene | Taranaki | Kapitean | 5.333 | |||
| Tongaporutuan | 7.2 | ||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | ||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | ||||||||
| Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||
| Southland | Waiauan | 11.04 | |||||||
| Serravallian | Cenozoic 5 | Astaracian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | |||||
| Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||
| Lillburnian | 13.05 | ||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | ||||||||
| Clifdenian | 15.1 | ||||||||
| Pareora | Altonian | 15.9 | |||||||
| Burdigalian | Orleanian | Early Miocene | 15.98 | ||||||
| Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||
| Arikareean | 18.5 | ||||||||
| Otaian | 18.7 | ||||||||
| Agenian | 20 | ||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||
| Landon | Waitakian | 21.7 | |||||||
| 23.03 | |||||||||
| 25.2 | |||||||||
| 29.5 | |||||||||
| 34.6 | |||||||||