PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones	European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
								0
								1.4
								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Senecan/Rexroadian	Villanyian	Late Pliocene	Wanganui	Mangapanian	2.58
				Villanyian			Waipipian	3
				Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene			3.6
							Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian						7.246
				Vallesian				8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
						Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian		Astaracian	Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
							Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian	13.82
							Clifdenian	15.1
						Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian		Orleanian	Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian					18.5
							Otaian	18.7
				Agenian				20
		Aquitanian						20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian	21.7
								23.03 *
								23.1
								25.2
								29.5
								34.6