PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126148 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Australia	Devonian Subages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian								0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan								0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan								0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean							Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								3.6
					Montehermosan								3.7 *
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan								11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran								13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran								13.82
				Langhian	Friasian								15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian								15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
				Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian								20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan								20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican								28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican								33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan								35.9 *
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan								41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan								47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran								47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								56
					Itaboraian								56.9 *
					Peligran								58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan								62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian		66
				Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
Pliensbachian				184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian				259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian				264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
						Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian				322 *
					Chokierian				323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian				323.2
					Arnsbergian				324 *
					Pendleian				327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian					358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian					372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian					382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian					387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian					390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian					393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian					398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
					Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
Wenlock		Homerian	Gleedonian							427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian							429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
Llandovery		Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian			443.8
		Katian					Bolindian			445.2
							Eastonian			449 *
							Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian					Gisbornian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian			470
							Bendigonian			471.8 *
							Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian					Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian					Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian									2300
Archean	Neoarchean										2500
	Mesoarchean										2800
	Paleoarchean										3200
	Eoarchean							3600
Hadean								4000
													4600