PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126290 collections

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene					0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene					0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene			Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene					3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian	Early Pliocene					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian	Middle Miocene					11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene					15.98
					Hemingfordian						16.3
					Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
					Whitneyan						29.5
					Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean	Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean	Middle Eocene	MP 16				37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan		MP 16				39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian	Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
					Wasatchian						50.5
					Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene	MP 6				56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene					60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene					61.6
				Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene					63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					538.8
		Cryogenian					635
		Tonian					720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					1000
		Ectasian					1200
		Calymmian					1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian					1600
		Orosirian					1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
											4600