PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of England		Permian of Western Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons										180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum										182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni										184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi										192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes						259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian						283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		467.3					Volkhov
		Dapingian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian	477.7	Hunneberg
			Varangu	481.3 *
			Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort	Late Cambrian							485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian							497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8