PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of China			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian													37
		Bartonian													37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †		Pirgu		445.2
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Pirgu	449.5
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian				Dapingian				Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian							470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian							477.7
								Lianghekou †					477.9 *
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8