PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian						Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian						Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan						Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †									2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Hemingfordian						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
			Arikareean						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
										Monroecreekian			23.1 *
										Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian			27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
			Wasatchian						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
			Clarkforkian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian								To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian								To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian	Puercan								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian	Pirgu	445.2
			Vormsi	449.6 *
			Nabala	Johvi †					450 *
			Viru					Rakvere	450.6 *
								Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian		Keila				Idavere †	453
				Haljala					453.9
				Kukruse					456.4 *
				Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku					458.4
				Lasnamagi					458.9 *
				Aseri					460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
				Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg						477.7
				Varangu						481.3 *
				Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort				Late Cambrian			485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8