Parent taxon: Acanthuriformes according to J. A. Ebersole et al. 2019
See also Betancur et al. 2013, Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Danil'chenko 1960, Danil'chenko 1980, David 1943, Estes 1964, Estes and Berberian 1970, Fierstine et al. 2012, Frizzell and Dante 1965, Hay 1902, Jordan 1963, Purdy et al. 2001, Szabo et al. 2017, Thurmond and Jones 1981, Weems 1999 and Wilson 1967
Sister taxa: Acanthuridae, Luvaridae, Massalongiidae, Pygaeidae, Zanclidae
Subtaxa: Sciaenidae
Ecology: nektonic omnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Brazil (3 collections), United States (11: Florida, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia)
• Pliocene of United States (2: Florida, North Carolina)
• Hemphillian of United States (1: Florida)
• Miocene of Chile (1), the Czech Republic (2), Denmark (1), Germany (2), Hungary (1), Italy (4), Kazakhstan (1), Malta (1), Romania (1), the Russian Federation (1), United States (12: Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia), Venezuela (1)
• Oligocene to Miocene of the Russian Federation (1)
• Oligocene of Germany (1), Hungary (1), United States (3: Louisiana, South Carolina)
• Eocene of Nigeria (2), United States (10: Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia)
• Cretaceous of Italy (10)
Total: 73 collections including 91 occurrences