†phylum Spermatophyta
Parent taxon: Tracheophyta according to S. A. Smith et al. 2023
See also Jud 2011 and Knowlton 1919
Sister taxa: Arisada, Bryobiotina, Catenalis, Euphyllophytina, Gymnospermopsida, Lycophytina, Lycopodiobiotina, Lycopodiophyta, Progymnospermopsida, Pteridobiotina, Pteridophyta, Rhyniaceae, Rhyniopsida, Sciadophyton
Subtaxa: Angiospermae Cardiocarpales Condrusia Conostoma Magnoliopsida Mtchedlishvilia Pinophyta Renbernia Sphenocyclopteridium
Ecology: "photoautotroph"