Parent taxon: Lithistida according to R. M. Finks et al. 2004
See also Rigby and Desrochers 1995
Sister taxa: Achrochordonia, Anomocladina, Bothoteca, Callipelta, Cupulina, Gillettia, Hippalimus, Homophymia, Lithistida wiedeyi, Megalithistida, Monalithistida, Phymatellidae, Psarodictyon, Pyrogochonia, Scleritodermidae, Spirosclerophorida, Tetralithistida
Subtaxa: Anthaspidellidae Anthracosyconidae Astylospongiidae Chiastoclonellidae Streptosolenidae
Ecology: stationary epifaunal suspension feeder
Distribution:
• Cretaceous of Canada (1: Nova Scotia collection)
• Jurassic of Canada (1: Nova Scotia), Indonesia (1), Slovenia (1), Spain (1)
• Triassic of Australia (1), Austria (7), Hungary (1), India (1), Iran (1), Romania (1), the Russian Federation (5), Slovenia (8), Tajikistan (2), United States (7: Alaska, California, Nevada, Oregon)
• Permian of Canada (6: British Columbia, Nunavut), China (4), Iran (1), Italy (1), United States (54: Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming), Venezuela (4)
• Carboniferous of United States (2: Arkansas, Oklahoma)
• Devonian of Australia (6), Belgium (2), Canada (1: Alberta), France (1), Germany (1), Poland (2), United States (1: Michigan)
• Silurian of Canada (33: Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec), Kazakhstan (1), United States (7: Indiana, Tennessee)
• Chazyan of Canada (7: Quebec), United States (10: New York, Tennessee, Vermont)
• Whiterockian of Canada (1: Newfoundland and Labrador), United States (13: California, Nevada)
• Arenig of Argentina (4), Canada (2: Newfoundland and Labrador), China (13), United States (8: Oklahoma, Texas)
• Arenigian of Argentina (2), Canada (1: Quebec), South Korea (1), United States (1: Nevada)
• Ordovician of Argentina (7), Australia (7), Canada (9: British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nunavut, Quebec), China (12), Norway (1), South Korea (3), United States (80: California, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia)
• Canadian of United States (1: Maryland)
• Tremadoc of Argentina (1), China (5), South Korea (1), United States (1: Utah)
• Ibexian of United States (1: Utah)
• Cambrian of Antarctica (1), China (1), Iran (2), Kyrgyzstan (1), United States (10: California, Colorado, Nevada, Texas, Wyoming)
• Solvan of Argentina (1)
• Delamaran of Canada (5: British Columbia)
• Ordian of Australia (4)
Total: 383 collections including 708 occurrences