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Orthoptera (grasshopper)
Taxonomy
Orthoptera was named by Olivier (1789). It is extant.
It was assigned to Pterodicera by Latreille (1802); to Insecta by Olivier (1789), Latreille (1796), Haughton (1924), Zhang (1989); to Neoptera by Carpenter (1992); to Orthopterodea by Wappler (2001); to Orthopterida by Engel and Grimaldi (2004); to Panorthoptera by Béthoux et al. (2004); to Orthopteroidea by Martynov (1925), Sharov (1968), Terry and Whiting (2005); and to Polyneoptera by Misof et al. (2014), Wipfler et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Pterodicera by Latreille (1802); to Insecta by Olivier (1789), Latreille (1796), Haughton (1924), Zhang (1989); to Neoptera by Carpenter (1992); to Orthopterodea by Wappler (2001); to Orthopterida by Engel and Grimaldi (2004); to Panorthoptera by Béthoux et al. (2004); to Orthopteroidea by Martynov (1925), Sharov (1968), Terry and Whiting (2005); and to Polyneoptera by Misof et al. (2014), Wipfler et al. (2019).
Subtaxa
Aboilodea, Acrydiana, Alekhosara, Blattaceadup, Caelifera (syn. Proscopiodea), Ensifera, Eremobiinae, Eremobiites, Exaeretopteroidea, Legendreiidae, Lithymnetes, Locustidae, Locustoidea, Loxoedischia, Mantides, Nymphomorpha, Oligogetes, Orthophlebia longissima, Permophyllum, Phasgonuridae, Pinegia, Prophilaenites, Thnetodes, Tillyardiella, Titanoptera, Yinpingia
Synonyms
|
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1789 | Orthoptera Olivier p. 11 |
| 1796 | Orthoptera Latreille p. 79 |
| 1802 | Orthoptera Latreille p. 267 |
| 1856 | Orthophlebia longissima Giebel p. 260 |
| 1924 | Orthoptera Haughton |
| 1925 | Orthoptera Martynov p. 576 |
| 1940 | Eremobiites Piton p. 141 |
| 1953 | Saltatoria Bode |
| 1968 | Orthoptera Sharov |
| 1989 | Orthoptera Zhang p. 46 |
| 1992 | Orthoptera Carpenter p. 154 |
| 2001 | Orthoptera Wappler p. 89 |
| 2004 | Orthoptera Béthoux et al. |
| 2004 | Orthoptera Engel and Grimaldi |
| 2005 | Orthoptera Terry and Whiting |
| 2010 | Saltatoria Kluge p. 24 |
| 2014 | Orthoptera Misof et al. |
| 2019 | Orthoptera Wipfler et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Orthoptera Olivier 1789 [grasshopper]
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Subor. Caelifera Ander 1936
+
Infraor. Acrididea MacLeay 1821
+
Unr. Acridomorpha
+
Superfm. Acridoidea Latreille 1802
+
Fm. Acrididae Latreille 1802 [short-horned grasshopper]
Fm. Lentulidae Dirsh 1956
Fm. Pamphagidae Stal 1873 [toad grasshopper]
Fm. Romaleidae Pictet and Saussure 1887 [lubber grasshopper]
Superfm. Eumastacoidea Burr 1899
+
Fm. Chorotypidae Stål 1873
Fm. Episactidae Burr 1899
Fm. Eumastacidae Burr 1899 [monkey grasshopper]
Fm. †Promastacidae Kevan and Wighton 1981
Superfm. †Locustopsoidea Handlirsch 1906
+
Fm. †Bouretidae Martins-Neto 2001
Fm. †Locustavidae Sharov 1968
Fm. †Locustopsidae Handlirsch 1906
Superfm. Pyrgomorphoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl 1874
+
Fm. Pyrgomorphidae Brunner von Wattenwyl 1874 [gaudy grasshopper]
Invalid names: Tanaoceroidea Rehn 1948 [empty], Trigonopterygoidea Walker 1870 [empty]
Superfm. Tetrigoidea Rambur 1838
+
Fm. Tetrigidae Rambur 1838 [pygmy grasshopper]
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G. †Archaeotetrix Sharov 1968
Subfm. Batrachideinae Bolivar 1887
Subfm. Cladonotinae Bolivar 1887
G. †Eozaentetrix Zessin 2017
G. †Prototetrix Sharov 1968
Subfm. Tetriginae Rambur 1838
Fm. †Burmecaelidae Uchida et al. 2023
+
Infraor. Tridactylidea Brullé 1835
+
Superfm. †Dzhajloutshelloidea Gorochov 1994
+
Fm. †Dzhajloutshellidae Gorochov 1994
+
G. †Adzhajloutshella Gorochov 1994
G. †Dzhajloutshella Gorochov 1994
G. †Triassoxya Gorochov 2005
Fm. †Regiatidae Gorochov 1995
+
G. †Micromacula Whalley 1985
G. †Protochaeta Handlirsch 1939
G. †Regiata Whalley 1985
Superfm. Tridactyloidea Brullé 1835
+
Fm. Ripipterygidae Ander 1939
+
G. †Archaicaripipteryx Xu et al. 2020
G. †Burmaripipteryx Zhao et al. 2022
G. †Kallosripipteryx Zhao et al. 2024
G. †Magnidactylus Xu et al. 2020
G. Mirhipipteryx Gunther 1969
Fm. Tridactylidae Brullé 1835 [pygmy mole cricket]
+
G. †Cratodactylus Martins-Neto 1990
Subfm. Dentridactylinae Gunther 1979
Subfm. †Mongoloxyinae Gorochov 1992
G. †Paraxya Cao et al. 2019
Subfm. Tridactylinae Brullé 1835
Invalid names: Cylindrachetidae Giglio-Tos 1914 [empty]
Invalid names: Ochrilidia lineata Piton 1940 [nomen dubium], Pneumoridea Uvarov 1966 [empty], Proscopiodea [synonym]
Subor. Ensifera Chopard 1920
+
Infraor. †Elcanidea Handlirsch 1906
+
Superfm. †Elcanoidea Handlirsch 1906
+
Fm. †Elcanidae Handlirsch 1906
+
Subfm. †Archelcaninae Gorochov 2011
G. †Cenoelcanus Schubnel et al. 2020
G. †Hispanelcana Peñalver and Grimaldi 2010
G. †Letoelcana Schall et al. 2023
G. †Liaonemobius Ren 1998
G. †Longioculus Poinar et al. 2007
G. †Monitelcana Xu et al. 2022
G. †Paraxelcana Schall et al. 2023
G. †Trigonelca Schall et al. 2023
Fm. †Permelcanidae Sharov 1962
+
Subfm. †Meselcaninae Gorochov 1989
Subfm. †Permelcaninae Sharov 1962
Superfm. †Permoraphidioidea Tillyard 1932
+
Fm. †Thueringoedischiidae Zessin 1997
+
G. †Hymenelcana Gorochov 2004
G. †Permoedischia Kukalová 1955
G. †Thueringoedischia Zessin 1997
Infraor. Gryllidea Laicharting 1781
+
Superfm. †Gryllavoidea Gorochov 1986
+
Fm. †Gryllavidae Gorochov 1986
+
G. †Galliagryllavus Marchal-Papier et al. 2000
G. †Gryllavus Sharov 1968
G. †Paragryllavus Gorochov 1986
G. †Zagryllavus Gorochov 1986
Fm. Gryllidae Laicharting 1781 [true crickets]
+
G. †Achetomorpha Gorochov 2019
+
†Achetomorpha irregularis Gorochov 2019
†Achetomorpha schindewolfi Zeuner 1937
Subfm. Gryllinae Laicharting 1781 [field cricket]
+
Tr. Gryllini Laicharting 1781
G. †Ontogryllus Gorochov 2019
Tr. Sclerogryllini Gorochov 1985
Subfm. †Gryllospeculinae Gorochov 1985
+
G. †Araripegryllus Martins-Neto 1987
G. †Brontogryllus Martins-Neto 1991
G. †Cratogryllus Martins-Neto 1991
G. †Gryllospeculum Gorochov 1985
G. †Mongolospeculum Gorochov 1985
G. †Nanaripegryllus Martins-Neto 2002
G. †Proararipegryllus Gorochov and Coram 2022
Subfm. Pentacentrinae Saussure 1878
+
G. Apentacentrus Chopard 1934
G. †Eopentacentrus Gorochov 2010
G. †Grossoxipha Vickery and Poinar 1994
G. †Proanaxipha Vickery and Poinar 1994
Invalid names: Eneopterinae Saussure 1874 [empty], Gryllites Germar 1842 [nomen dubium], Gryllites dubius Germar 1842 [nomen dubium], Gryllites vocalis Cockerell 1936 [nomen dubium], Gryllus fuchsi Handlirsch 1907 [nomen dubium], Gryllus troglodytes Heer 1864 [nomen dubium], Itarinae Chopard 1934 [empty], Proanaxipha bicolorata Vickery and Poinar 1994 [nomen dubium], Pseudogryllotalpidae Gu et al. 2024 [synonym]
Superfm. Grylloidea Laicharting 1781
+
Fm. †Baissogryllidae Gorochov 1985
+
Subfm. †Baissogryllinae Gorochov 1985
Subfm. †Bontzaganiinae Gorochov 1985
Subfm. †Cearagryllinae Martins-Neto 2009
Subfm. †Olindagryllinae Martins-Neto 1999
Subfm. †Sharategiinae Gorochov 1992
Fm. Mogoplistidae Brunner von Wattenwyl 1873 [scaly cricket]
+
Subfm. Mogoplistinae Brunner von Wattenwyl 1873
Subfm. †Protomogoplistinae Gorochov 2010
Fm. Oecanthidae Blanchard 1845 [tree cricket]
+
Subfm. Oecanthinae Blanchard 1845
Subfm. Podoscirtinae Saussure 1878
Subfm. Tafaliscinae Desutter 1988
Fm. Phalangopsidae Blanchard 1845 [spider cricket]
+
G. †Eotrella Gorochov 2012
G. †Eozacla Gorochov 2012
Subfm. Luzarinae Hebard 1928
Subfm. Phaloriinae Gorochov 1985
Fm. †Protogryllidae Zeuner 1937
+
G. †Aenigmagryllus Gorochov 1992
Subfm. †Falsispeculinae Gorochov 1985
Subfm. †Karataogryllinae Gorochov 1985
Subfm. †Protogryllinae Zeuner 1937
Subfm. Pteroplistinae Chopard 1936
+
G. †Eneopterotrypus Zeuner 1937
Tr. Pteroplistini Chopard 1936
G. Pteroplistus Brunner von Wattenwyl 1873
Fm. Trigonidiidae Saussure 1874
+
G. †Abanaxipha Vickery and Poinar 1994
G. †Birmaninemobius Xu et al. 2020
G. †Curvospurus He 2022
G. Cyrtoxipha Brunner von Wattenwyl 1873
Subfm. Nemobiinae Saussure and Georg 1877
G. †Palaeotrigonidium Gu et al. 2024
G. †Qiongqi Yuan et al. 2023
G. †Tricalcaratus Gu et al. 2024
Subfm. Trigonidiinae Saussure 1874
Invalid names: Araripegryllus romualdoi Freitas et al. 2016 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. Gryllotalpoidea Leach 1815
+
Fm. Gryllotalpidae Leach 1815 [mole cricket]
+
Subfm. Gryllotalpinae Leach 1815
Subfm. †Marchandiinae Gorochov 2010
Invalid names: Gryllotalpa stricta Heer 1864 [nomen dubium], Scapteriscinae Zeuner 1939 [empty]
Fm. Myrmecophilidae Saussure 1874 [ant-loving cricket]
+
Invalid names: Myrmecophilinae Saussure 1874 [empty]
Infraor. †Oedischiidea Handlirsch 1906
+
Superfm. †Oedischioidea Handlirsch 1906
+
Fm. †Bintoniellidae Handlirsch 1939
+
Subfm. †Bintoniellinae
Subfm. †Oshiellinae Gorochov 1987
G. †Parabintoniella Béthoux and Grauvogel-Stamm 2022
Subfm. †Proshiellinae Gorochov 1989
Fm. †Oedischiidae Handlirsch 1906
+
G. †Afroedischia Geertsema and van Dijk 1999
Subfm. †Elcanoedischiinae Gorochov 1987
G. †Iasvia Zalessky 1934
G. †Kamaites Zalessky 1929
Subfm. †Mezenoedischiinae Gorochov 1987
G. †Nobloedischia Beckemeyer 2011
Subfm. †Oedischiinae Handlirsch 1906
G. †Plesioidischia Schlechtendal 1906
G. †Scalaeoptera Bolton 1922
Subfm. †Tcholmanvissiinae Zalessky 1934
G. †Xeroptera Bolton 1922
Invalid names: Anelcanidae Carpenter 1986 [synonym], Anhomalophlebiidae Handlirsch 1919 [synonym], Tcholmanvissia dubia Zalessky 1951 [nomen dubium], Tcholmanvissiidae Zalessky 1934 [synonym]
Fm. †Proparagryllacrididae Riek 1956
+
G. †Gryllacrimima Sharov 1968
+
Invalid names: Batkenella Gorochov 1987 [synonym], Brevibatkenella Gorochov 1987 [synonym], Dolichobatkenella Gorochov 1987 [synonym], Eubatkenella Gorochov 1987 [synonym]
Subfm. †Kashgarlimahmutiinae Koçak and Kemal 2008
+
Invalid names: Ademirsoyinae Özdikmen 2008 [objective synonym], Ferganiinae Gorochov 1987 [replaced]
Subfm. †Madygeniinae Gorochov 1987
Subfm. †Oedischimiminae Gorochov 1987
Subfm. †Proparagryllacridinae Riek 1956
Fm. †Pruvostitidae Zalessky 1928
+
Subfm. †Kamiinae Sharov 1968
Subfm. †Kargalariinae Gorochov 1995
Subfm. †Maculoedischiinae Gorochov 1987
Subfm. †Pruvostitinae Zalessky 1928
Subfm. †Sylvoedischiinae Gorochov 1987
Subfm. †Tettavinae Sharov 1968
Invalid names: Raphoglidae Béthoux et al. 2002 [synonym]
Invalid names: Tcholmanvissioidea Zalessky 1934 [synonym]
Fm. †Permotettigoniidae Nel and Garrouste 2016
+
Superfm. †Xenopteroidea Riek 1955
+
Fm. †Xenopteridae Riek 1955
+
Subfm. †Axenopterinae Gorochov 2005
Subfm. †Ferganopterinae Gorochov 1989
Subfm. †Xenopterinae Riek 1955
Invalid names: Triassomanteoidea [empty]
Fm. †Palaeorehniidae Zeuner 1937
+
G. †Palaeorehnia Cockerell 1908
+
Invalid names: Zeuneropterinae Kevan and Wighton 1983 [invalid subgroup]
Superfm. †Phasmomimoidea Sharov 1968
+
Fm. †Phasmomimidae Sharov 1968
+
Subfm. †Phasmomiminae Sharov 1968
+
G. †Jurophasmomima Gorochov 1988
G. †Paraphasmomima Zherikhin 1985
G. †Phasmomima Sharov 1968
G. Terpandrus Saussure 1891
+
Terpandrus horridus Burmeister 1838 [Sydney gumleaf katydid]
+
Invalid names: Austrodictya corbouldi Tillyard 1922 [synonym]
†Terpandrus ikiensis Fujiyama 1970
Invalid names: Austrodictya Tillyard 1922 [synonym]
Infraor. Tettigoniidea
+
Superfm. Hagloidea Handlirsch 1906
+
Fm. †Haglidae Handlirsch 1906 [hump-winged cricket]
+
G. †Afrohagla Gorochov 1990
G. †Ahagla Gorochov 2005
Subfm. †Angarohaglinae Gorochov 1995
Subfm. †Archaboilinae Gu et al. 2024
G. †Archaeohagla Lin 1965
G. †Archihagla Sharov 1968
Subfm. †Bachariinae Gorochov 1988
G. †Cantohagla Gorochov 1986
Subfm. †Cyrtophyllitinae Zeuner 1935
G. †Dinohagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Dolichohagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Dulcihagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Euhagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Euspilopteron Cockerell 1915
G. †Haglomorpha Gorochov 1986
Subfm. †Haglopterinae Gorochov 1986
Subfm. †Isfaropterinae Martynov 1937
G. †Laiyangohagla Wang and Liu 1996
G. †Lyrohagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Mesohagla Zhang 1996
G. †Microhagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Modihagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Mongolohagla Zherikhin 1985
G. †Notopamphagopsis Cabrera 1928
G. †Parahaglopsis Lin 1992
G. †Permohagla Gorochov 2021
G. †Prohagla Riek 1954
G. †Proisfaroptera Sharov 1968
G. †Protshorkuphlebia Sharov 1968
G. †Sharovohagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Sinohagla Lin 1965
G. †Sonohagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Tinnihagla Gorochov 1986
G. †Tshorkuphlebia Martynov 1937
G. †Vocohagla Gorochov 1986
Subfm. †Voliopinae Gorochov 1986
Invalid names: Aboilidae Martynov 1925 [synonym], Chifenginae Hong 1982 [empty], Prohaglinae Riek 1954 [synonym], Tshorkuphlebiidae Martynov 1937 [synonym]
Fm. †Hagloedischiidae Gorochov 1986
+
G. †Hagloedischia Gorochov 1986
G. †Voltziahagla Marchal-Papier et al. 2000
Fm. Prophalangopsidae Kirby 1906 [hump-winged cricket]
+
Subfm. †Aboilinae Martynov 1925
Subfm. †Chifengiinae Hong 1982
G. †Cratohaglopsis Martins-Neto 1991
Subfm. Cyphoderrinae Gorochov 1988
G. †Hylophalangopsis Lin and Huang 2006
Subfm. Prophalangopsinae Kirby 1906
Subfm. †Protaboilinae Gorochov 1995
G. †Sinuijus Fang and So 2020
Subfm. †Termitidiinae Zeuner 1939
Subfm. †Tettohaglinae Gorochov 2011
Invalid names: Pamphagopsidae Martynov 1925 [synonym]
Fm. †Tuphellidae Gorochov 1988
+
G. †Liassophyllum Zeuner 1935
Subfm. †Paracyrtophyllitinae Gorochov 1988
Subfm. †Tuphellinae Gorochov 1988
Invalid names: Eospilopteronidae Cockerell 1915 [invalid subgroup]
Superfm. Rhaphidophoroidea Kirby 1906
+
Fm. Raphidophoridae Kirby 1906
+
Subfm. †Protroglophilinae Gorochov 1989
Subfm. Troglophilinae Karny 1929
Superfm. Schizodactyloidea Blanchard 1845
+
Fm. Schizodactylidae Blanchard 1845 [splay-footed cricket]
+
Invalid names: Brauckmanniidae Martins-Neto 2007 [synonym]
Superfm. Stenopelmatoidea Burmeister 1838
+
Fm. Gryllacrididae Blanchard 1845
+
Subfm. Gryllacridinae Blanchard 1845 [leaf-rolling cricket]
Invalid names: Gryllacris mutilata Cockerell 1909 [nomen dubium], Locustites maculata Heer 1849 [nomen dubium]
Fm. Stenopelmatidae Burmeister 1838 [jerusalem cricket]
+
Subfm. Siinae Gorochov 1988
Subfm. Stenopelmatinae Burmeister 1838
Invalid names: Gryllacridoidea Stal 1874 [synonym]
Superfm. Tettigonioidea Krauss 1902
+
Fm. Tettigoniidae Krauss 1902 [katydid]
+
G. †Brachypoda Zhang 1989
Subfm. Conocephalinae Burmeister 1838
G. †Eodecticus Pongrácz 1928
Subfm. Hexacentrinae Karny 1925
Subfm. Lipotactinae Ingrisch 1995
G. †Lithymnetoides Kevan and Wighton 1983
G. †Locustites Heer 1849
G. †Locustopsites Theobald 1937
Tr. Meconematini Burmeister 1838
Subfm. Mecopodinae Walker 1871
Subfm. Phaneropterinae Burmeister 1838
Tr. Phlugidini Eichler 1938
G. †Prophasgonura Piton 1940
G. †Protempusa Piton 1940
Subfm. Pseudophyllinae Burmeister 1838
Subfm. †Pseudotettigoniinae Sharov 1962
+
Invalid names: Pseudotettigoniinae Kevan and Wighton 1981 [objective synonym]
Subfm. †Rammeinae Zeuner 1931
Subfm. †Tettigoidinae Riek 1952
Invalid names: Amblycorypha perdita Cockerell 1915 [nomen dubium], Conocephalus martyi Piton 1940 [nomen dubium], Decticus umbraceus Frič 1869 [nomen dubium], Gryllacris cineris Scudder 1890 [nomen dubium], Locusta exstincta Germar 1837 [nomen dubium], Locusta silens Scudder 1890 [nomen dubium], Locustariae Latreille 1802 [replaced], Meconematinae Burmeister 1838 [invalid subgroup], Meconeminae Burmeister 1838 [empty], Phaneroptera vetusta Heer 1849 [nomen dubium], Tympanophorinae Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893 [empty]
Invalid names: Locustariae Handlirsch 1926 [synonym]
Fm. †Triassomanteidae Tillyard 1922
+
Fm. †Vitimiidae Sharov 1968
+
G. †Deinovitimia Gorochov 1989
+
†Deinovitimia insolita Gorochov 1989
†Deinovitimia occidentalis Gorochov et al. 2006
Invalid names: Acridiites Heer 1864 [nomen dubium], Acridiites liasinus Heer 1864 [nomen dubium], Kulmbachiellon fragile Kuhn 1938 [nomen dubium], Liadolocusta auscultans Handlirsch 1906 [nomen dubium], Locusta prisca Germar 1839 [nomen dubium], Locustopsites gigantea Theobald 1937 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Legendreiidae Huang et al. 2020
+
Fm. Locustidae Latreille 1802
+
Subor. †Titanoptera Sharov 1968
+
Fm. †Deinotitanidae Gorochov 2011
+
Subor. †Gerarina Scudder 1885
+
Subor. †Mesotitanina Tillyard 1925
+
Fm. †Mesotitanidae Tillyard 1925
+
Subfm. †Mesotitaninae Gorochov 2003
+
G. †Mesotitanodes Sharov 1968
Tr. †Tcholmanvissiellini Béthoux 2007
Invalid names: Clathrotitanidae Riek 1954 [synonym]
Fm. †Paratitanidae Sharov 1968
+
G. †Minititan Gorochov 2007
+
†Minititan zherichini Gorochov 2003
Invalid names: Microtitan Gorochov 2003 [replaced]
G. †Paratitan Sharov 1968
+
†Paratitan bispeculum Gorochov 2003
†Paratitan intermedius Gorochov 2003
†Paratitan latispeculum Gorochov 2003
†Paratitan libelluloides Sharov 1968
†Paratitan longispeculum Gorochov 2003
†Paratitan modestus Gorochov 2003
†Paratitan reductus Gorochov 2003
†Paratitan reliquia Béthoux et al. 2010
†Paratitan venosus Gorochov 2003
Invalid names: Liquia Béthoux et al. 2010 [synonym]
Superfm. †Tettoedischioidea Gorochov 1987
+
Fm. †Theiatitanidae Schubnel et al. 2021
+
Invalid names: Aboilodea Martynov 1925 [empty], Acrydiana Latreille 1802 [empty], Blattaceadup [empty], Eremobiinae [empty], Eremobiites Piton 1940 [nomen nudum], Locustoidea Handlirsch 1906 [empty], Orthophlebia longissima Giebel 1856 [nomen dubium], Saltatoria [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available