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Echinoidea (sea urchin)
Taxonomy
Echinus was named by Leske (1778). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Kroh and Smith (2010).
It was reranked as the class Echinoidea by Clark (1904), Clark and Twitchell (1915), Grant and Hertlein (1938), Hall (1962), Durham et al. (1966), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Barnes (1998), Squires (1999), Boczarowski (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Webster et al. (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010).
It was assigned to Echinodermata by Clark (1904), Clark and Twitchell (1915), Grant and Hertlein (1938), Hall (1962), Durham et al. (1966), Barnes (1998), Squires (1999), Sepkoski (2002); and to Echinozoa by Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Boczarowski (2001), Webster et al. (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010).
It was reranked as the class Echinoidea by Clark (1904), Clark and Twitchell (1915), Grant and Hertlein (1938), Hall (1962), Durham et al. (1966), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Barnes (1998), Squires (1999), Boczarowski (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Webster et al. (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010).
It was assigned to Echinodermata by Clark (1904), Clark and Twitchell (1915), Grant and Hertlein (1938), Hall (1962), Durham et al. (1966), Barnes (1998), Squires (1999), Sepkoski (2002); and to Echinozoa by Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Boczarowski (2001), Webster et al. (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010).
Subtaxa
Acrosalenioida, Archaeocidaridae, Bromidechinus, Cassiduloidea, Centrechinoida, Cidaris aculeata, Cidaris aialensis (syn. Cidaris aculeata), Cidaris alpina, Cidaris alternata, Cidaris austriaca, Cidaris avena, Cidaris biconica, Cidaris biformis, Cidaris braunii, Cidaris buchii, Cidaris caudex, Cidaris cingulata, Cidaris coralliophila, Cidaris costalarensis, Cidaris costata, Cidaris costeanensis, Cidaris decorata, Cidaris decoratissima, Cidaris dorsata, Cidaris ecki, Cidaris forminensis, Cidaris fustis, Cidaris glabra, Cidaris hausmanni, Cidaris lanceata, Cidaris linearis (syn. Cidaris bicarinata), Cidaris milierensis, Cidaris ovata, Cidaris perplexa, Cidaris petersii, Cidaris plana, Cidaris pyramidalis, Cidaris quadrialata, Cidaris quadriserrata, Cidaris regnyi, Cidaris remifera, Cidaris remifera, Cidaris reticulata, Cidaris schwageri, Cidaris scrobiculata, Cidaris seelandica, Cidaris semicostata, Cidaris similis, Cidaris spinachristi, Cidaris spongiosa, Cidaris stipes, Cidaris stoppanii, Cidaris sulcata, Cidaris tenuicostata, Cidaris tetraedrica, Cidaris trapezoidalis, Cidaris trigona, Cidaris triserrata, Cidaris undulatus, Cidaris valparolae, Cidaris verticillata, Cidaris verticillata, Cidaris waechteri, Cidaris wissmanni (syn. Cidaris bispinosa), Cidaris zardini, Cidaroidea, Corystusidae (syn. Corystidae), Dallonia, Diplocidaroida, Disasteroida, Echinoida, Echinopluteus, Euechinoidea, Exocycloida, Exocycloidea, Gajechinus, Gnathostomata, Hemicidaris gracilis, Hemicidaris obliquelineata, Oligopygoida, Ombria, Parechinus, Perischoechinoidea, Plegiocidaris senex, Pleurechinus, Proterocidaridae, Protocidaris, Radiolus, Radiolus adametzi, Radiolus alutensis, Radiolus antipai, Radiolus boletus, Radiolus complanatus, Radiolus culter, Radiolus festuca, Radiolus fusus, Radiolus herbichi, Radiolus lineola, Radiolus penna, Radiolus racadaui, Radiolus raiblianus, Radiolus rostratus, Radiolus segmentatus, Regularia, Strechoritina, Temnopleuroida, Uvanogelia, Vernius, Yunnanechinus
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1833 | Cidaris buchii Münster p. 121 figs. Pl 40, figs 5a,b |
| 1841 | Pleurechinus Agassiz p. 7 |
| 1841 | Cidaris scrobiculata Braun p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 21 |
| 1841 | Cidaris dorsata Braun p. 46 figs. Pl 4, fig 1 |
| 1841 | Cidaris biformis Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 13 |
| 1841 | Cidaris buchii Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 11 |
| 1841 | Cidaris remifera Münster p. 43 figs. Pl 3, fig 12 |
| 1841 | Cidaris cingulata Münster p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 17 |
| 1841 | Cidaris trigona Münster p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 15 |
| 1841 | Cidaris decorata Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 22 |
| 1841 | Cidaris linearis Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 19 |
| 1841 | Cidaris semicostata Münster p. 45 figs. Pl 3, fig 20 |
| 1841 | Cidaris hausmanni Wissmann p. 44 figs. Pl 3, fig 14 |
| 1841 | Cidaris waechteri Wissmann p. 48 figs. Pl 5, fig 22 |
| 1843 | Cidaris bispinosa Klipstein p. 272 figs. Pl 18, fig 12 |
| 1847 | Cidaris wissmanni Desor p. 26 |
| 1847 | Cidaris braunii Desor p. 31 |
| 1855 | Cidaris avena Desor p. 21 figs. Pl 2, fig 25 |
| 1855 | Cidaris perplexa Desor p. 21 figs. Pl 2, fig 15 |
| 1855 | Cidaris similis Desor p. 22 figs. Pl 2, fig 28 |
| 1857 | Cidaris lanceata Stoppani p. 412 |
| 1857 | Cidaris alternata Stoppani p. 413 |
| 1857 | Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani p. 413 |
| 1857 | Cidaris verticillata Stoppani p. 413 |
| 1857 | Hemicidaris gracilis Stoppani p. 413 |
| 1857 | Hemicidaris obliquelineata Stoppani p. 413 |
| 1858 | Cidaris austriaca Desor p. 20 figs. Pl 2, fig 14 |
| 1865 | Cidaris dorsata Laube p. 63 figs. Pl 9, fig 12 |
| 1865 | Cidaris hausmanni Laube p. 64 figs. Pl 9, fig 13 |
| 1865 | Cidaris petersii Laube p. 64 figs. Pl 8b, fig 5 |
| 1865 | Cidaris scrobiculata Laube p. 65 figs. Pl 8b, fig 7 |
| 1865 | Cidaris trigona Laube p. 65 figs. Pl 8b, fig 6 |
| 1865 | Cidaris buchii Laube p. 68 figs. Pl 10, fig 2 |
| 1865 | Cidaris semicostata Laube p. 69 figs. Pl 10, fig 3 |
| 1865 | Cidaris decorata Laube p. 70 figs. Pl 10, fig 5 |
| 1865 | Cidaris fustis Laube p. 70 figs. Pl 10, fig 4 |
| 1865 | Cidaris wissmanni Laube p. 71 figs. Pl 10, fig 8 |
| 1865 | Cidaris biformis Laube p. 72 figs. Pl 10, fig 9 |
| 1865 | Cidaris linearis Laube p. 72 figs. Pl 10, fig 10 |
| 1865 | Cidaris braunii Laube p. 73 figs. Pl 10, fig 6 |
| 1865 | Cidaris triserrata Laube p. 74 figs. Pl 10, fig 11 |
| 1865 | Cidaris alternata Stoppani |
| 1865 | Cidaris lanceata Stoppani |
| 1865 | Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani |
| 1865 | Cidaris verticillata Stoppani |
| 1865 | Hypodiadema gracilis Stoppani |
| 1865 | Hypodiadema obliquelineata Stoppani |
| 1865 | Cidaris caudex Stoppani p. 96 figs. Pl 19, fig 18 |
| 1865 | Cidaris stipes Stoppani p. 97 figs. Pl 19, fig 21 |
| 1872 | Cidaris stoppanii de Loriol p. 3 figs. Pl 1, figs 1-3 |
| 1874 | Ombria Quenstedt p. 298 |
| 1875 | Radiolus complanatus Quenstedt p. 196 figs. Pl 68, fig 87 |
| 1875 | Cidaris undulatus Quenstedt p. 199 figs. Pl 68, fig 98 |
| 1889 | Cidaris braunii von Wöhrmann p. 193 figs. Pl 5, figs 13, 14 |
| 1889 | Cidaris dorsata von Wöhrmann p. 193 figs. Pl 5, fig 12 |
| 1889 | Cidaris buchii von Wöhrmann p. 194 figs. Pl 5, fig 15 |
| 1889 | Cidaris schwageri von Wöhrmann p. 194 figs. Pl 5, figs 16,17 |
| 1889 | Cidaris decoratissima von Wöhrmann p. 196 figs. Pl 5, fig 20 |
| 1897 | Echinopluteus Mortensen p. 5 |
| 1900 | Plegiocidaris senex Lambert p. 48 |
| 1904 | Echinoidea Clark p. 430 |
| 1905 | Cidaris regnyi Lambert p. 94 |
| 1909 | Radiolus raiblianus Bather p. 216 figs. Pl 13, figs 399-403; pl 16, figs 450,451 |
| 1909 | Radiolus penna Bather p. 218 figs. Pl 13, figs 404-412 |
| 1909 | Radiolus lineola Bather p. 230 |
| 1914 | Gajechinus Lambert and Thiéry p. 242 |
| 1915 | Echinoidea Clark and Twitchell p. 23 |
| 1920 | Dallonia Lambert |
| 1926 | Cidaris ecki Assmann p. 517 figs. Pl 9, figs 7-10 |
| 1929 | Radiolus lineola Bather p. 230 |
| 1929 | Radiolus segmentatus Bather p. 236 figs. Pl 258(2), figs 27-29 |
| 1929 | Radiolus boletus Bather p. 239 figs. Pl 258, figs 36-38 |
| 1929 | Radiolus culter Bather p. 241 figs. Pl 258, figs 39-41 |
| 1929 | Radiolus festuca Bather p. 244 figs. Pl 258, figs 46-48 |
| 1929 | Radiolus fusus Bather p. 245 figs. Pl 258, fig 49 |
| 1930 | Vernius de Gregorio p. 18 |
| 1930 | Protocidaris de Gregorio p. 20 |
| 1936 | Radiolus adametzi Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, figs 50,51 |
| 1936 | Radiolus alutensis Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, fig 46 |
| 1936 | Radiolus racadaui Jekelius p. 49 figs. Pl 2, fig 47 |
| 1936 | Radiolus antipai Jekelius p. 50 figs. Pl 2, fig 48 |
| 1936 | Radiolus herbichi Jekelius p. 50 figs. Pl 2, fig 45 |
| 1937 | Cidaris remifera Assmann p. 23 figs. Pl 5, fig 17 |
| 1937 | Radiolus rostratus Korner p. 163 figs. Pl 11, fig 1 |
| 1938 | Echinoidea Grant and Hertlein p. 4 |
| 1950 | Cidaris zardini Leonardi and Lovo p. 9 figs. Pl 2, figs 21-24,26 |
| 1950 | Cidaris aculeata Leonardi and Lovo p. 10 figs. Pl 1, fig 8 |
| 1950 | Cidaris pyramidalis Leonardi and Lovo p. 10 figs. Pl 2, fig 25 |
| 1962 | Echinoidea Hall, Jr. p. 65 |
| 1966 | Echinoidea Durham et al. p. U297 |
| 1973 | Cidaris seelandica Zardini p. 16 figs. Pl 11, figs 1-11; pl 21, fig 4 |
| 1973 | Cidaris tetraedrica Zardini p. 16 figs. Pl 7, figs 21-26 |
| 1973 | Cidaris biconica Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 9, figs 1a-9b; pl 21, fig 5 |
| 1973 | Cidaris forminensis Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 9, fig 13; pl 17, fig 9; pl 20, fig 35; pl 21, fig 8 |
| 1973 | Cidaris ovata Zardini p. 18 figs. Pl 8, figs 23-26 |
| 1973 | Cidaris costata Zardini p. 19 figs. Pl 10, figs 15,20 |
| 1973 | Cidaris alpina Zardini p. 20 figs. Pl 21, fig 3; pl 7, figs 27,28 |
| 1973 | Cidaris costalarensis Zardini p. 21 figs. Pl 12, figs 4-11c |
| 1973 | Cidaris costeanensis Zardini p. 21 figs. Pl 10, fig 24; pl 17, figs 22,23; pl 18, fig 37 |
| 1973 | Cidaris plana Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, fig 45; pl 15, fig 20; pl 19, fig 2; pl 22, fig 4 |
| 1973 | Cidaris spongiosa Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 47-50; pl 17, figs 5-8; pl 18, figs 10-13 |
| 1973 | Cidaris sulcata Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 12-17 |
| 1973 | Cidaris trapezoidalis Zardini p. 22 figs. Pl 12, figs 42-44,46 |
| 1973 | Cidaris coralliophila Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 18, figs 26,27 |
| 1973 | Cidaris glabra Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 12, figs 37-39; pl 18, fig 33 |
| 1973 | Cidaris milierensis Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 12, figs 19-21 |
| 1973 | Cidaris verticillata Zardini p. 23 figs. Pl 18, figs 6-9 |
| 1973 | Cidaris quadriserrata Zardini p. 24 figs. Pl 13, figs 1,2,4; pl 22, fig 6 |
| 1973 | Cidaris reticulata Zardini p. 25 figs. Pl 13, figs 9-12 |
| 1973 | Cidaris tenuicostata Zardini p. 25 figs. Pl 13, fig 8; pl 19, fig 4; pl 22, fig 5 |
| 1973 | Cidaris quadrialata Zardini p. 28 figs. Pl 10, fig 27 |
| 1973 | Cidaris valparolae Zardini p. 28 figs. Pl 18, figs 30,31 |
| 1977 | Cidaris aialensis Kier p. 35 |
| 1984 | Echinoidea Squires p. 55 |
| 1987 | Echinoidea Squires p. 72 |
| 1998 | Echinoidea Barnes p. 312 |
| 1999 | Echinoidea Squires p. 29 |
| 2001 | Echinoidea Boczarowski p. 86 |
| 2002 | Echinoidea Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Protocidaris Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Radiolus Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Vernius Sepkoski |
| 2009 | Echinoidea Webster et al. p. 248 |
| 2010 | Echinoidea Kroh and Smith p. 169 |
| 2014 | Cidaris dorsata Nützel and Kaim p. 426 fig. 11j |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Cl. Echinoidea Leske 1778 [sea urchin]
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Fm. †Archaeocidaridae M'Coy 1844
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G. †Archaeocidaris M'Coy 1844
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†Archaeocidaris ladina Stache 1877
†Archaeocidaris selwyni Etheridge Jr. 1892
†Archaeocidaris wartellei Mansuy 1912
Invalid names: Echinocrinus Agassiz 1841 [objective synonym]
G. Lepidocidaris Meek and Worthen 1873
G. †Nortonechinus
G. †Polytaxicidaris
G. †Silurocidaris
G. †Xenocidaris
Or. †Cassiduloidea
+
G. †Neolampas Agassiz 1869
G. †Oligopodia Duncan 1889
G. †Porterpygus Baker 1983
Subcl. Cidaroidea Claus 1880
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Or. Cidaroida Claus 1880 [pencil urchin]
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Superfm. Cidaridea Gray 1825
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Fm. Cidaridae Gray 1825
+
G. †Centrocidaris Agassiz 1904
Unr. Cidarinae Gray 1825
G. Cidaris Leske 1778
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Invalid names: Calocidaris Clark 1907 [synonym], Cidarites Lamarck 1816 [synonym]
G. Dorocidaris Agassiz 1869
Subfm. Goniocidarinae Mortensen 1928
G. †Hesperocidaris Mortensen 1928
G. Prionocidaris Agassiz 1863
Subfm. Rhabdocidarinae Lambert 1900
Subfm. Stereocidarinae Lambert 1900
Subfm. Stylocidarinae Mortensen 1928
G. †Triassicidaris Smith 1994
Invalid names: Cidarini Gray 1825 [empty], Phyllacanthina Smith and Wright 1989 [empty]
G. †Plegiocidaris Pomel 1883
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†Plegiocidaris bradfordensis Wright 1857
†Plegiocidaris coronata Schlotheim 1820
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Invalid names: Cidarites moniliferus Goldfuss 1826 [synonym]
†Plegiocidaris coronatus Schlotheim 1820
†Plegiocidaris platyspina Gauthier 1873
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Invalid names: Cidaris acrolineata Gauthier 1873 [synonym]
†Plegiocidaris saemanni Cotteau 1857
Invalid names: Abelleicidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym]
Fm. Psychocidaridae Ikeda 1936
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G. †Merocidaris
G. Roseicidaris Vadet 1991
G. †Tylocidaris Pomel 1883
Invalid names: Roseicidaridae Vadet 1991 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Delocidaris
Fm. †Diplocidaridae Gregory 1900
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G. †Diplocidaris
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†Diplocidaris bernasconii Bischof et al. 2018
†Diplocidaris crausiensis Lambert 1900
†Diplocidaris gigantea Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Cidaris cladifera Agassiz 1840 [synonym], Cidaris pustulifera Agassiz 1840 [synonym]
Invalid names: Diplocidaris desori Wright 1857 [nomen dubium], Diplocidaris wrightii Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Rolliericidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym]
G. †Tetracidaris
G. †Fellius
Fm. †Heterocidaridae Mortensen 1934
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G. †Heterocidaris
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†Heterocidaris wickensis Wright 1861
Invalid names: Heteroechinus Quenstedt 1874 [objective synonym]
G. †Hirudocidaris
G. †Menocidaris
G. †Mesodiadema Neumayr 1889
G. †Mikrocidari Döderlein 1887
G. †Minicidaris
Fm. †Miocidaridae Durham and Melville 1957
+
G. †Anaulocidaris
G. †Aplocidaris Lambert and Thiéry 1909
G. †Couvelardicidaris Vadet 1991
G. †Eotiaris Lambert 1900
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†Eotiaris connorsi Kier 1965
†Eotiaris guadalupensis Thompson 2017
†Eotiaris keyserlingi Geinitz 1848
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Invalid names: Archaeocidaris verneuiliana King 1848 [synonym], Cidaris verneuiliana King 1848 [synonym]
G. †Miocidaris Döderlein 1887
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Subg. †Miocidaris (Serpianotiaris) Jeannet 1933
†Miocidaris adrianae Zardini 1975
†Miocidaris amalthei Quenstedt 1875
†Miocidaris platyacantha Nisiyama 1966
†Miocidaris spinulifera Nisiyama 1966
G. †Pachycidaris
G. †Panniericidaris Vadet 1991
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G. †Permocidaris Lambert 1900
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†Permocidaris forbesiana de Koninck 1863
†Permocidaris pakistanensis Linck 1955
G. †Procidaris
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†Procidaris edwardsii Wright 1854
†Procidaris lobatum Wright 1861
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Invalid names: Cidaris crossei Cotteau 1875 [synonym], Miocidaris tenuispina Mortensen 1934 [synonym]
G. †Oedematocidaris
G. †Palmerius
Fm. †Paracidaridae Smith 2015
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Fm. †Polycidaridae Vadet 1988
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G. †Nudicidaris Vadet 1988
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†Nudicidaris elegans Muenster 1829
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Invalid names: Cidaris mathei Desor and de Loriol 1868 [synonym]
G. †Paracidaris
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†Paracidaris florigemma Phillips 1829
†Paracidaris jeanneti Lambert 1924
†Paracidaris laeviuscula Agassiz 1840
†Paracidaris toucasi Cotteau 1875
†Paracidaris wrightii Desor 1855
Invalid names: Chesniericidaris Vadet 2004 [synonym]
G. †Polycidaris
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†Polycidaris escheri de Loriol 1868
†Polycidaris gygii Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
†Polycidaris legayi Sauvage and Rigaux 1873
†Polycidaris regularis Münster 1841
†Polycidaris spinosa Agassiz 1840
G. †Romanocidaris Vadet 1991
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†Romanocidaris filograna Agassiz 1840
†Romanocidaris laeviuscula Agassiz 1840
Invalid names: Anisocidaridae Vadet 1999 [synonym], Nenoticidaridae Vadet 1988 [synonym]
G. †Prophyllacanthus
Fm. †Rhabdocidaridae Lambert 1900
+
G. Histocidaris Mortensen 1903
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†Histocidaris cobosi Agassiz 1898
Histocidaris elegans Agassiz 1879
†Histocidaris rosaria Bronn 1831
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Invalid names: Cidarites hirta Sismonda 1842 [synonym], Cidarites serraria Bronn 1831 [synonym], Cidarites signata Sismonda 1842 [synonym]
G. †Laurenticidaris Vadet 1991
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†Laurenticidaris copeoides Agassiz 1846
Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris thurmanni regens Whidborne 1883 [synonym]
G. †Rhabdocidaris Desor 1855
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†Rhabdocidaris copeoides Agassiz and Desor 1847
†Rhabdocidaris deubelbeissi Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
†Rhabdocidaris fowleri Wright 1851
†Rhabdocidaris horrida Agassiz 1840
†Rhabdocidaris orbignyana Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris caprimontana Desor 1861 [synonym]
†Rhabdocidaris rauraca Jeannet 1929
†Rhabdocidaris sanchezi Lambert 1925
†Rhabdocidaris subcoronata Münster 1841
†Rhabdocidaris thurmanni de Loriol 1872
†Rhabdocidaris zitteli de Loriol 1883
Invalid names: Callaudicidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym], Dickesicidaris Vadet 1988 [synonym]
Fm. †Serpianotiaridae Hagdorn 1995
+
Fm. †Corystusidae International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2009
+
Invalid names: Corystidae Foster and Philip 1978 [replaced]
Or. Echinoida Troschel 1872
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G. †Spaniocyphus Pomel 1883
G. †Trochoechinus
Invalid names: Echinoina Claus 1876 [empty]
Subcl. Euechinoidea Bronn 1860
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Superor. Acroechinoidea Smith 1981
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Or. Aspidodiadematoida Kroh and Smith 2010
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Fm. Aspidodiadematidae Duncan 1889
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G. Aspidodiadema Agassiz 1878
G. †Culozoma Vadet and Slowik 2001
G. †Gymnotiara Pomel 1883
G. †Tiaridia Pomel 1883
Unr. Carinacea Kroh and Smith 2010
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Unr. Calycina Gregory 1900
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Subor. †Phymosomatoida Mortensen 1904
Or. Salenioida Delage and Hérouard 1903
G. †Salenocidaris Agassiz 1869
Fm. †Hemicidaridae Wright 1857
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G. †Asterocidaris
G. †Cidaropsis
G. †Eurypneustes
G. †Gymnocidaris Agassiz 1838
G. †Hemicidaris Agassiz 1838
G. †Hemitiaris Pomel 1883
G. †Hessotiara Pomel 1883
G. †Leptarbacia Clark and Twitchell 1915
G. †Plesiocidaris Pomel 1883
G. †Pseudocidaris
G. †Sphaerotiaris Lambert and Thiéry 1914
Unr. Irregularia Latreille 1825
+
Unr. Atelostomata von Zittel 1879
Or. Echinoneoida Clark 1925
Or. Holectypoida Duncan 1889
Unr. Microstomata Smith 1984
Fm. †Pygasteridae Lambert 1900
Fm. †Orthopsidae Duncan 1889
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G. †Brochechinus
G. †Dubarechinus
G. †Echinopsis Agassiz 1840
G. †Gymnodiadema
G. †Orthocidaris
G. †Orthopsis Cotteau 1864
G. †Scaptodiadema
Fm. †Pseudodiadematidae Pomel 1883
+
G. †Acrocidaris
G. †Heterodiadema Cotteau 1864
G. †Hypodiadema Desor 1858
G. †Loriolia
G. †Microdiadema
G. †Tetragramma Agassiz 1840
G. †Tiaromma
Or. Diadematoida Duncan 1889
+
G. †Ancylocidaris
Fm. Diadematidae Gray 1855
+
G. †Australidiadema Smith and Crame 2012
G. Diadema
G. Echinothrix Peters 1853
G. †Eodiadema
G. †Kierechinus Philip 1963
G. †Mesodiadema Neumayr 1889
G. †Palaeodiadema
G. †Pedinothuria
G. †Sierradiadema Mooi and Hilton 2014
G. †Endeodiadema
G. †Engelia
G. †Helodiadema
G. †Heteropedina
G. †Macrodiadema
Invalid names: Diadematoina Duncan 1889 [empty]
Fm. †Nicolleaumatidae Vadet 1999
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G. †Nicolleauma Vadet 1999
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†Nicolleauma chartroni Lambert 1904
†Nicolleauma collenoti Cotteau 1882
†Nicolleauma lacostei Lambert 1933
†Nicolleauma minutum Buckman 1845
Or. Pedinoida Mortensen 1939
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G. †Farquharsonia
G. †Leptocidaris
Fm. Pedinidae Pomel 1883
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G. Caenopedina Agassiz 1869
G. †Diademopsis
G. †Dumblea Cragin 1893
G. †Hemipedina
G. †Leiopedina
G. †Loriolipedina
G. †Palaeopedina
G. †Pedina
+
Invalid names: Atlasaster [synonym], Hectopedina Thiery 1928 [synonym], Megapedina Lambert and Thiery 1910 [synonym]
G. †Phalacropedina
G. †Phymopedina
G. †Pseudorthopsis
G. †Stenechinus
Invalid names: Orthopsida Mortensen 1942 [empty]
Unr. Echinacea Claus 1876
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Or. Arbacioida Gregory 1900
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Fm. Arbaciidae Gray 1855
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G. †Acropeltis
G. †Acrosaster
G. Arbacia Gray 1835
G. Arbaciella Mortensen 1910
G. †Arbia Cooke 1948
G. †Atopechinus
G. †Baueria
G. †Codiopsis
G. Coelopleurus
G. †Echinocidaris Duncan
G. †Glypticus
G. †Goniopygus Agassiz 1838
G. †Hattopsis Ali 1992
G. †Heteropodia White 1887
G. †Magnosia
G. †Noetlingaster
+
Invalid names: Noetlingia Lambert 1898 [replaced], Protechinus Noetling 1897 [replaced]
G. †Pleiocyphus Pomel 1883
G. Podocidaris Agassiz 1869
Invalid names: Coelopleuridae Märkel 1969 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Dialithocidaris Agassiz 1898
G. †Pygmaeocidaris Doederlein 1905
Invalid names: Acropeltidae Lambert and Thiéry 1914 [empty], Arbacioina Gregory 1900 [empty], Glypticidae Lambert and Thiéry 1914 [empty], Salenioina Mortensen 1903 [empty]
G. †Besairiecidaris Lambert 1936
G. †Bramus de Gregorio 1930
Or. Camarodonta Jackson 1912
+
Infraor. Echinidea
+
Fm. Echinidae Gray 1825
Invalid names: Parechinidae Mortensen 1903 [empty], Triplechinidae [empty]
Infraor. Odontophora Kroh and Smith 2010
+
Fm. Echinometridae Gray 1855
Fm. Strongylocentrotidae Gregory 1900
Fm. Toxopneustidae Troschel 1872
Infraor. Temnopleuridea Kroh and Smith 2010
+
Fm. Glyphocyphidae Duncan 1889
Fm. Temnopleuridae Agassiz 1872
Fm. Trigonocidaridae Mortensen 1903
Invalid names: Zeuglopleuridae Lewis 1986 [empty]
G. †Crinocidaris de Gregorio 1930
Fm. †Glyphopneustidae Smith and Wright 1993
+
Superor. Stirodonta Jackson 1912
+
Or. †Hemicidaroida Beurlen 1937
+
G. †Allomma
G. †Colpotiara
G. †Micropedina Cotteau 1866
G. †Trochodiadema
Or. Stomopneustoida Kroh and Smith 2010
+
Fm. Stomechinidae Pomel 1883
+
G. †Circopeltis Pomel 1883
G. †Codechinus Desor 1858
G. †Diplechinus
G. †Diplotagma
G. †Echinotiara Pomel 1883
G. †Jeannetia
G. †Phymechinus Desor 1858
G. †Phymotaxis Lambert and Thiéry 1914
G. †Polycyphus Agassiz and Desor 1846
G. †Psephechinus Pomel 1883
G. †Pseudarbacia
G. †Stomechinus Desor 1858
G. Stomopneustes Agassiz 1841
G. †Thierychinus
G. †Tiarechinopsis
G. †Triadechinus
G. †Trochalosoma
Invalid names: Glyptocidaridae Jensen 1982 [empty]
Invalid names: Temnopleuroidea Mortensen 1942 [empty]
Or. Echinothurioida Claus 1880
+
Fm. †Pelanechinidae Groom 1887
+
G. †Pseudopedina
+
†Pseudopedina bakeri Wright 1854
+
Invalid names: Soudetaster martinezae Vadet et al. 2011 [synonym]
†Pseudopedina divionensis Michelin 1854
+
Invalid names: Echinopsis smithii Forbes 1856 [synonym], Pseudopedina nodoti Cotteau 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Soudetaster Vadet et al. 2011 [synonym]
Invalid names: Pelanodiademidae Hess 1972 [invalid subgroup]
Fm. Phormosomatidae Mortensen 1934
+
Invalid names: Paraphormosomatinae Smith and Wright 1990 [empty]
G. †Galeroclypeus
G. †Loriolella
Fm. †Triadocidaridae Smith 1994
+
G. †Levicidaris Kier 1977
+
†Levicidaris furlani Kier 1984
†Levicidaris pfaifferi Kier 1984
†Levicidaris zardinia Kier 1977
G. †Mikrocidaris Döderlein 1887
+
G. †Triadocidaris Döderlein 1887
+
†Triadocidaris giauensis Zardini 1973
†Triadocidaris immunita Bather 1909
†Triadocidaris persimilis Bather 1909
†Triadocidaris subsimilis Münster 1841
†Triadocidaris suessii Laube 1865
†Triadocidaris transversa von Meyer 1847
G. †Zardinechinus Kier 1977
+
†Zardinechinus giulinii Kier 1984
†Zardinechinus lancedelli Zardini 1973
†Zardinechinus pulchellus Smith 1994
†Zardinechinus regularis Smith 1994
†Zardinechinus stanleyi Smith 1994
Invalid names: Serpianotiaroida Hagdorn 1995 [empty], Triadotiaroida Hagdorn 1995 [empty]
Subcl. †Perischoechinoidea M'Coy 1849
+
Or. †Echinocystitoida Jackson 1912
+
G. †Aptilechinus
G. †Cavanechinus
G. †Devonocidaris
Fm. †Echinocystitidae Gregory 1897
+
G. †Echinocystites
G. †Praepholidocidaris Frest and Strimple 1977
G. †Rhenechinus
G. †Ledidocidaris
Fm. †Lepidesthidae Jackson 1896
+
G. †Tornquistellus
Invalid names: Echinocyctitidae Gregory 1897 [empty]
Superor. †Eognathostomata Smith 1984
+
Or. †Palaechinoidea Haeckel 1866
+
Fm. †Cravenechinidae Hawkins 1946
+
G. †Cravenechinus Hawkins 1946
G. †Gotlandechinus
G. †Xenechinus Kier 1958
Fm. †Palaechinidae M'Coy 1849
+
G. †Lovenechinus Jackson 1912
G. †Maccoya Pomel 1869
G. †Melonechinus
G. †Oligoporus
G. †Palaechinus
G. †Wrightia
G. †Xysteria Pomel 1883
G. †Lanternarius Regnell 1956
Fm. †Lepidocentridae Lovén 1874
+
G. †Albertechinus Stearn 1956
+
†Albertechinus devonicus Boczarowski 2001
†Albertechinus montanus Stearn 1956
G. †Aulechinus
G. †Deneechinus
G. †Ectinechinus
G. †Elliptechinus Schneider et al. 2005
G. †Eothuria
G. †Kongielechinus Jesionek-Szymanska 1979
+
†Kongielechinus magnituberculatus Jesionek-Szymanska 1979
G. †Koninckocidaris
G. †Lepidechinus Hall 1861
G. †Lepidocentrus Müller 1857
+
†Lepidocentrus eifelianus Müller 1857
†Lepidocentrus rhenanus Beyrich 1857
G. †Myriastiches
G. †Palaeodiscus Salter 1857
G. †Pholidechinus Jackson 1912
G. †Porechinus
Fm. †Proterocidaridae Smith 1984
+
G. †Fournierechinus Jackson 1929
G. †Hyattechinus Jackson 1912
+
†Hyattechinus anglicus Thompson and Ewin 2018
†Hyattechinus beecheri Jackson 1912
†Hyattechinus dixoni Hawkins 1935
†Hyattechinus elegans Jackson 1929
†Hyattechinus laudoni Kier 1965
†Hyattechinus pentagonus Jackson 1912
†Hyattechinus rarispinus Hall 1868
†Hyattechinus toreumaticus Hawkins 1935
G. †Jacksonechinus Lambert 1936
G. †Perischocidaris Neumary 1881
G. †Perischodomus M'Coy 1849
G. †Proterocidaris de Koninck 1882
Subcl. Regularia Latreille 1825
+
Invalid names: Diademoidea [empty]
Or. Temnopleuroida Mortensen 1942
+
G. †Arbacina Pomel 1869
G. Asaphechinus
G. †Cryptechinus
G. †Gagaria Duncan 1889
+
†Gagaria americana Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Gagaria chickasawhay Cooke 1941
†Gagaria crenularis Linder et al. 1988
†Gagaria mossomi Cooke 1941
†Gagaria venustula Duncan and Sladen 1884
†Thylechinus (Gagaria) salis Cooke 1941
G. †Micropsidia Pomel 1883
G. †Pentechinus
G. †Tatechinus
Invalid names: Acrosalenioida Vadet 1999 [empty], Centrechinoida Jackson [empty], Cidaris aculeata Leonardi and Lovo 1950 [nomen dubium], Cidaris aialensis Kier 1977 [nomen dubium], Cidaris alpina Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris alternata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris austriaca Desor 1858 [nomen dubium], Cidaris avena Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Cidaris biconica Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris biformis Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris braunii Desor 1847 [nomen dubium], Cidaris buchii Münster 1833 [nomen dubium], Cidaris caudex Stoppani 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris cingulata Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris coralliophila Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris costalarensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris costata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris costeanensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris decorata Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris decoratissima von Wöhrmann 1889 [nomen dubium], Cidaris dorsata Braun 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris ecki Assmann 1926 [nomen dubium], Cidaris forminensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris fustis Laube 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris glabra Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris hausmanni Wissmann 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris lanceata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris linearis Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris milierensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris ovata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris perplexa Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Cidaris petersii Laube 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris plana Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris pyramidalis Leonardi and Lovo 1950 [nomen dubium], Cidaris quadrialata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris quadriserrata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris regnyi Lambert 1905 [nomen dubium], Cidaris remifera Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris remifera Assmann 1937 [nomen dubium], Cidaris reticulata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris schwageri von Wöhrmann 1889 [nomen dubium], Cidaris scrobiculata Braun 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris seelandica Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris semicostata Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris similis Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris spongiosa Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris stipes Stoppani 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris stoppanii de Loriol 1872 [nomen dubium], Cidaris sulcata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris tenuicostata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris tetraedrica Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris trapezoidalis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris trigona Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris triserrata Laube 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris undulatus Quenstedt 1875 [nomen dubium], Cidaris valparolae Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris verticillata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris verticillata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris waechteri Wissmann 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris wissmanni Desor 1847 [nomen dubium], Cidaris zardini Leonardi and Lovo 1950 [nomen dubium], Dallonia Lambert 1920 [nomen nudum], Diplocidaroida Vadet 1988 [empty], Echinopluteus Mortensen 1897 [nomen nudum], Exocycloidea [empty], Gajechinus Lambert and Thiéry 1914 [nomen nudum], Gnathostomata von Zittel 1879 [empty], Hemicidaris gracilis Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Hemicidaris obliquelineata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Oligopygoida [empty], Ombria Quenstedt 1874 [nomen nudum], Plegiocidaris senex Lambert 1900 [nomen dubium], Pleurechinus Agassiz 1841 [nomen nudum], Protocidaris de Gregorio 1930 [nomen dubium], Radiolus Auctorum [invalid subgroup], Radiolus adametzi Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus alutensis Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus antipai Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus boletus Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus complanatus Quenstedt 1875 [nomen dubium], Radiolus culter Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus festuca Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus fusus Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus herbichi Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus lineola Bather 1909 [nomen dubium], Radiolus penna Bather 1909 [nomen dubium], Radiolus racadaui Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus raiblianus Bather 1909 [nomen dubium], Radiolus rostratus Korner 1937 [nomen dubium], Radiolus segmentatus Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Vernius de Gregorio 1930 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available