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Grallator tuberosus
Taxonomy
Ornithichnites tuberosus was named by Hitchcock (1836). Its type specimen is AC 31/73, a footprint, and it is a trace fossil.
It was recombined as Ornithoidichnites tuberosus by Hitchcock (1837), Hitchcock (1841), Hitchcock (1843), Redfield (1843) and Hitchcock (1844); it was recombined as Eubrontes tuberosus by Hitchcock (1845), Hay (1902) and Mayor and Sarjeant (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Brontozoum validum by Hitchcock (1858); it was synonymized subjectively with Brontozoum loxonyx by Miller (1879); it was synonymized subjectively with Brontozoum sillimani by Quenstedt (1882); it was recombined as Anchisauripus tuberosus by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Lull (1917), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Hay (1930), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1963), Nelson (1965), Haubold (1971), Welles (1971), Haubold (1974), Lockley (1986) and Fujita et al. (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Baird (1957); it was recombined as Grallator tuberosus by Weems (1992), Gierlinski (1996), Kordos (2000), Osi et al. (2011) and Li et al. (2019).
It was recombined as Ornithoidichnites tuberosus by Hitchcock (1837), Hitchcock (1841), Hitchcock (1843), Redfield (1843) and Hitchcock (1844); it was recombined as Eubrontes tuberosus by Hitchcock (1845), Hay (1902) and Mayor and Sarjeant (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Brontozoum validum by Hitchcock (1858); it was synonymized subjectively with Brontozoum loxonyx by Miller (1879); it was synonymized subjectively with Brontozoum sillimani by Quenstedt (1882); it was recombined as Anchisauripus tuberosus by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Lull (1917), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Hay (1930), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1963), Nelson (1965), Haubold (1971), Welles (1971), Haubold (1974), Lockley (1986) and Fujita et al. (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Baird (1957); it was recombined as Grallator tuberosus by Weems (1992), Gierlinski (1996), Kordos (2000), Osi et al. (2011) and Li et al. (2019).
Sister species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1836 | Ornithichnites tuberosus Buckland p. 41 |
1836 | Ornithichnites tuberosus Hitchcock p. 318 figs. 2, 5 |
1837 | Ornithichnites gracilis Hitchcock p. 175 |
1837 | Ornithichnites tuberosus Hitchcock p. 175 |
1837 | Ornithoidichnites tuberosus Hitchcock p. 175 |
1841 | Ornithoidichnites tuberosus Hitchcock p. 486 |
1843 | Ornithichnites tuberosus Deane p. 179–180 |
1843 | Ornithoidichnites tuberosus Hitchcock p. 254 |
1843 | Ornithoidichnites tuberosus Redfield p. 136 |
1844 | Ornithoidichnites tuberosus Hitchcock p. 303 |
1845 | Eubrontes tuberosus Hitchcock p. 23 |
1848 | Brontozoum loxonyx Hitchcock p. 172 figs. Pl. 2:1-2 |
1854 | Brontozoum loxonyx Warren p. 27 |
1858 | Brontozoum exsertum Hitchcock p. 67 fig. 7 |
1858 | Brontozoum validum Hitchcock p. 67 |
1861 | Brontozoum validum Deane p. 39 |
1861 | Brontozoum exsertum Deane p. 41 |
1865 | Grallator gracilis Hitchcock p. 8 figs. Pl. 9:7 |
1865 | Plesiornis mirabilis Hitchcock p. 35 figs. Pl. 20 |
1871 | Brontozoum exsertum Hitchcock p. xxi |
1871 | Brontozoum validum Hitchcock p. xxi |
1871 | Grallator gracilis Hitchcock p. xxi |
1871 | Plesiornis mirabilis Hitchcock p. xxi |
1879 | Brontozoum loxonyx Miller p. 147 |
1889 | Brontozoum exsertum Hitchcock p. 118 |
1889 | Brontozoum validum Hitchcock p. 118 |
1889 | Grallator gracilis Hitchcock p. 118 |
1889 | Plesiornis mirabilis Hitchcock p. 118 |
1894 | Brontozoum exsertum Lyman p. 205 |
1894 | Brontozoum validum Lyman p. 205 |
1894 | Grallator gracilis Lyman p. 205 |
1894 | Plesiornis mirabilis Lyman p. 205 |
1895 | Plesiornis mirabilis Lyman figs. Pl. 608 |
1898 | Brontozoum exsertum Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Brontozoum validum Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Grallator gracilis Hitchcock p. 401 |
1902 | Eubrontes exsertus Hay p. 543 |
1902 | Eubrontes tuberosus Hay p. 544 |
1902 | Grallator gracilis Hay p. 545 |
1902 | Plesiornis mirabilis Hay p. 550 |
1904 | Otouphepus magnificus Cushman p. 155 figs. Pl. 6 |
1904 | Plesiornis mirabilis Cushman p. 156 |
1904 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Lull pp. 488-489 fig. 6 |
1904 | Anchisauripus exsertus Lull p. 489 fig. 7 |
1904 | Grallator gracilis Lull pp. 496-497 |
1904 | Plesiornis mirabilis Lull p. 522 |
1915 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Lull p. 182 fig. 40 |
1915 | Anchisauripus exsertus Lull p. 184 fig. 41 |
1915 | Otouphepus magnificus Lull p. 190 fig. 44 |
1915 | Grallator gracilis Lull p. 202 fig. 55 |
1917 | Anchisauripus exsertus Lull p. 114 |
1917 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Lull p. 114 |
1917 | Otouphepus magnificus Lull p. 115 |
1917 | Grallator gracilis Lull p. 116 |
1927 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Hitchcock and Grier p. 187 |
1927 | Grallator gracilis Hitchcock and Grier p. 189 |
1930 | Anchisauripus exsertus Hay p. 3 |
1930 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Hay p. 3 |
1930 | Grallator gracilis Hay p. 13 |
1930 | Otouphepus magnificus Hay p. 17 |
1930 | Plesiornis mirabilis Hay p. 19 |
1952 | Gigandipus milfordensis Bock p. 403 |
1952 | Coelurosaurichnus metzneri Heller pp. 135-137 figs. Pl. 9:2-3 |
1953 | Grallator gracilis Lull p. 155 |
1953 | Plesiornis mirabilis Lull p. 164 |
1953 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Lull pp. 169-171 |
1953 | Anchisauripus exsertus Lull p. 171 |
1953 | Otouphepus magnificus Lull p. 176 |
1958 | Coelurosaurichnus metzneri Kuhn p. 23 |
1959 | Coelurosaurichnus metzneri Schmidt p. 103 |
1963 | Grallator gracilis Kuhn p. 78 |
1963 | Anchisauripus milfordensis Kuhn p. 80 |
1963 | Anchisauripus exsertus Kuhn p. 81 |
1963 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Kuhn p. 81 |
1963 | Plesiornis mirabilis Kuhn p. 83 |
1963 | Coelurosaurichnus metzneri Kuhn p. 87 |
1965 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Nelson p. 7 |
1965 | Otouphepus magnificus Nelson p. 7 |
1969 | Anchisauripus exsertus Haubold p. 100 fig. 8 |
1970 | Anchisauripus milfordensis Demathieu p. 184 |
1970 | Grallator gracilis Demathieu p. 184 |
1970 | Otouphepus magnificus Ellenberger p. 349 |
1971 | Anchisauripus exsertus Haubold p. 65 |
1971 | Anchisauripus milfordensis Haubold p. 65 |
1971 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Haubold p. 66 |
1971 | Grallator gracilis Haubold p. 67 |
1971 | Coelurosaurichnus metzneri Haubold p. 69 |
1971 | Anchisauripus exsertus Welles p. 30 |
1971 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Welles p. 30 |
1971 | Grallator gracilis Welles p. 31 |
1972 | Coelurosaurichnus metzneri Demathieu and Haubold p. 806 |
1972 | Otouphepus magnificus Ellenberger p. 152 |
1974 | Anchisauripus exsertus Haubold p. 128 |
1974 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Haubold p. 128 |
1976 | Anchisauripus exertus Courel and Demathieu p. 209 |
1980 | Anchisauripus milfordensis Olsen p. 29 |
1981 | Anchisauripus milfordensis Olsen p. 558 |
1984 | Grallator magnificus Olsen and Galton p. 109 |
1984 | Anchisauripus exsertus Thulborn and Wade p. 449 |
1984 | Grallator gracilis Thulborn and Wade p. 449 |
1986 | Anchisauripus milfordensis Lockley p. 9 |
1986 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Lockley p. 19 |
1986 | Atreipus milfordensis Olsen and Baird p. 22 |
1986 | Atreipus metzneri Olsen and Baird p. 69 |
1987 | Anchisauripus exsertus Weems p. 15 |
1990 | Atreipus metzneri Thulborn p. 157 |
1990 | Atreipus milfordensis Thulborn p. 157 |
1992 | Grallator tuberosus Weems p. 124 |
1993 | Atreipus metzneri Thulborn p. 463 |
1993 | Atreipus milfordensis Thulborn p. 463 |
1995 | Atreipus milfordensis Lockley and Hunt p. 80 |
1996 | Grallator tuberosus Gierlinski p. 120 |
2000 | Atreipus metzneri Gand et al. p. 615 |
2000 | Atreipus milfordensis Gand et al. p. 615 |
2000 | Grallator tuberosus Kordos p. 16 |
2001 | Eubrontes tuberosus Mayor and Sarjeant p. 151 |
2003 | Atreipus milfordensis Szajna and Hartline p. 266 |
2006 | Atreipus milfordensis Lucas and Sullivan p. 252 |
2006 | Atreipus milfordensis Thulborn p. 291 fig. 8 |
2006 | Atreipus milfordensis Weems p. 376 |
2006 | Atreipus milfordensis Weishampel p. 134 |
2007 | Atreipus milfordensis Hunt and Lucas p. 222 |
2007 | Atreipus milfordensis Klein and Haubold p. 125–126 |
2008 | Atreipus metzneri D'Orazi Porchetti et al. p. 282 |
2008 | Anchisauripus tuberosus Fujita et al. p. 42 |
2011 | Grallator tuberosus Osi et al. p. 91 |
2014 | Atreipus milfordensis Abbassi and Madanipour p. 113 |
2019 | Grallator tuberosus Li et al. p. 7 |
2021 | Atreipus metzneri Klein and Lucas p. 6 |
2021 | Atreipus milfordensis Klein and Lucas p. 6 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Grallator tuberosus Hitchcock 1836
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Invalid names: Anchisauripus exsertus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Atreipus metzneri Heller 1952 [synonym], Atreipus milfordensis Bock 1952 [synonym], Brontozoum loxonyx Hitchcock 1848 [synonym], Brontozoum validum Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Grallator gracilis Hitchcock 1837 [synonym], Otouphepus magnificus Cushman 1904 [synonym], Plesiornis mirabilis Hitchcock 1865 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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R. S. Lull 1915 | Pes: Length of digit II, 86 mm.; III, 128 mm.; IV, 120 mm.; foot exclusive of hallux, 168 mm., with hallux, ?195 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, ?135°; II and III, 14°; II and IV, 13°.
Length of step, 440 mm. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 (Anchisauripus exsertus) | Pes: Based upon Cat. No. 54/1, Amherst collection (plesiotype). Length of digit I, 75 mm.; II, 117 mm.; III, 161 mm.; IV, 153 mm.; foot exclusive of hallux, 226 mm., including hallux, 265 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 75°; II and III, 20°; II and IV, 20°.
Length of step in type No. 16/6, a somewhat larger specimen, 922 mm. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 (Otouphepus magnificus) | Pes: Length of digit II, 83 mm.; III, 114 mm.; IV, 114 mm.; entire foot, 165 mm. Distance between lateral tips, 89 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 22°; II and IV, 17° approximately.
Length of step not known. |