PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Paleopneustidae

Echinoidea - Spatangoida - Paleopneustidae

Taxonomy

Paleopneustidae was named by Agassiz (1904). It is extant.

It was assigned to Spatangina by Grant and Hertlein (1938); and to Paleopneustidea by Kroh and Smith (2010).

Subtaxa

Nacospatangus, Paleopneustes, Pericosmus (syn. Megalaster)

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1904	Paleopneustidae Agassiz
1938	Paleopneustidae Grant and Hertlein p. 111
2010	Paleopneustidae Kroh and Smith p. 173

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
—	Ambulacraria
phylum	Echinodermata
subphylum	Eleutherozoa
—	Echinozoa	()
class	Echinoidea	()
subclass	Euechinoidea	Bronn 1860

Rank	Name	Author
superorder	Acroechinoidea	()
—	Carinacea
—	Irregularia	()
—	Atelostomata
order	Spatangoida
suborder	Paleopneustina
superfamily	Paleopneustidea
family	Paleopneustidae
family	Paleopneustidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Paleopneustidae Agassiz 1904

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G. †Nacospatangus Agassiz 1873

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†Nacospatangus depressus Clark 1917

†Nacospatangus gracilis Agassiz 1873

G. Paleopneustes Agassiz 1873 [heart urchin]

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†Paleopneustes holmani Grant and Hertlein 1938

G. Pericosmus Agassiz 1847

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Subg. Pericosmus (Pericosmus) Fischer 1966

Subg. †Pericosmus (Victoriaster) Lambert 1920

†Victoriaster lamberti Sanchez Roig 1923

†Pericosmus aguayoi Sanchez Roig 1949

Invalid names: Mauritanaster depressus Sanchez Roig 1949 [synonym], Mauritanaster marroquinensis Sanchez Roig 1953 [synonym], Pericosmus giganteus Sanchez Roig 1952 [synonym]

†Pericosmus altus Hutton 1873

†Pericosmus annosus Henderson 1975

†Pericosmus artemisae Sanchez-Roig 1953

†Pericosmus atolladosae Sanchez Roig 1951

Invalid names: Pericosmus rojasi Sanchez Roig 1951 [synonym]

†Pericosmus blanquizalensis Sanchez Roig 1952

†Pericosmus borraeus Henderson 1975

†Pericosmus camagueyanus Sanchez Roig 1949

†Pericosmus crawfordi Hutton 1873

Invalid names: Linthia compressus Duncan 1877 [synonym], Meoma brevipatalata Hutton 1873 [synonym], Pericosmus mccoyi Gregory 1890 [synonym]

†Pericosmus israelskyi Durham 1961

Pericosmus latus Agassiz 1847

†Pericosmus mortenseni Sanchez Roig 1952

†Pericosmus roigi Lambert 1921

†Pericosmus scaevus Henderson 1975

†Pericosmus valenzuelai Sanchez-Roig 1953

†Pericosmus zanolettii Sanchez-Roig 1953

Invalid names: Megalaster Duncan 1877 [synonym], Pericosmus cubanus Palmer 1949 [nomen nudum]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

high Mg calciteo

Ontogeny:

accretion, addition of partsp

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

slow-movingo

Life habit:

shallow infaunalo

Diet:

deposit feedero

Diet 2:

detritivoreo

Vision:

limitedc

Dispersal:

watero

Dispersal 2:

planktonico

Created:

2004-02-28 12:18:10

Modified:

2009-10-08 16:32:56

Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum

References: Aberhan 1992, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Danian to the top of the Early/Lower Pliocene or 66.00000 to 3.60000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 61.6 Ma

Collections (30 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Danian	66.0 - 61.6	USA (California)	Pericosmus sp. (37389)
Kaiatan - Runangan	39.1 - 34.3	New Zealand	Pericosmus annosus (155833)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Cuba	Pericosmus zanolettii (155876)
Whaingaroan	34.6 - 27.3	New Zealand	Pericosmus crawfordi (155813 155815)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	Japan (Nagasaki)	Pericosmus spatangoides (204451)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Australia (Victoria)	Pericosmus compressus (176279)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	New Zealand (Dannevirke)	Pericosmus crawfordi (35651)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Cuba	Victoriaster lamberti (91130)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene	23.03 - 11.608	Italy	Pericosmus capellinii (96235 96236)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene	23.03 - 11.608	Cuba	Pericosmus roigi (91155) Pericosmus valenzuelai, Pericosmus artemisae (155875)
Early/Lower Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Costa Rica	Pericosmus israelskyi (92098)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Japan (Miyagi)	Pericosmus magnificus (204452)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Indonesia	Pericosmus granulosus (81717)
Otaian	21.7 - 19.0	New Zealand	Pericosmus crawfordi (204195)
Otaian - Altonian	21.7 - 15.9	New Zealand	Pericosmus sp. (204254)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Egypt	Pericosmus latus (47996)
Burdigalian - Langhian	20.44 - 13.82	Italy (Sardinia)	Pericosmus sp. (187431)
Altonian	19.0 - 15.9	New Zealand	Pericosmus crawfordi (155838 155839) Pericosmus scaevus (155841)
Langhian	15.97 - 13.82	Australia (South Australia)	Pericosmus compressus (88322)
Langhian	15.97 - 13.82	Austria	Pericosmus sp. (55394)
Lillburnian	15.1 - 13.05	New Zealand	Pericosmus crawfordi (155792 155793)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Indonesia	Pericosmus granulosus, Pericosmus altus (70099) Pericosmus granulosus, Pericosmus asperulatus (70098)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	USA (California)	Paleopneustes holmani (203579)