PBDB Taxon

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Ichthyosaurus

Reptilia - Ichthyosauridae

Taxonomy

Ichthyosaurus was named by Koenig (1818) [Sepkoski's age data: J Hett J Plie].

It was synonymized subjectively with Proteosaurus by Hay (1902) and Hay (1930).

It was assigned to Enaliosauri by Parkinson (1822); to Ichthyosauroidea by Fitzinger (1826); to Enaliosauria by Owen (1840); to Nexipodes by Meyer (1845); to Ichthyopterygia by Owen (1859); to Ichthyopterygia by Owen (1860), Owen (1861) and Lydekker (1889); to Neoichthyosauria by Sander (2000); to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002); to Ichthyosauria by Brusatte et al. (2015); to Thunnosauria by Motani (1999), Maisch and Matzke (2000), Fischer et al. (2011), Fischer et al. (2012), Fischer et al. (2013), Arkhangelsky and Zverkov (2014) and Ji et al. (2016); and to Ichthyosauridae by d'Orbigny (1849), Günther (1886), Merriam (1908), Appleby (1967), McGowan (1974), Carroll (1988), McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch et al. (2008), Maisch (2010), Bennett et al. (2012), Lomax and Massare (2015) and Massare and Lomax (2018).

Species

I. acutirostris (syn. I. crassimanus, I. microdon, I. longifrons, I. zetlandicus, I. longipennis), I. aduncus, I. advena, I. aequalis, I. amalthei, I. angustidens, I. anningae, I. arietis, I. bambergensis, I. biscissus, I. bodenbenderi, I. bonneyi, I. brachyspondylus, I. breviceps, I. californicus, I. ceramensis, I. chalarodeirus, I. communis (syn. I. chiropolyostinus, I. latimanus, I. fortimanus, I. polyostinus, I. chiroparamekostinus, I. intermedius), I. coniformis, I. conybeari, I. crassicostatus, I. cuvieri, I. dilatatus, I. entheciodon, I. enthekiodon, I. extremus, I. franciscanus, I. giganteus, I. hectori (syn. I. pottsi), I. hexagonus, I. hildesiensis, I. hygrodeirus, I. immanis, I. indicus, I. kokeni, I. lacunosae, I. larkini, I. latifrons, I. leucopetraeus, I. longimanus, I. longipes, I. nasimowii, I. normanniae, I. numismalis, I. ovalis, I. planartus, I. platymerus, I. posthumus, I. psilonoti, I. quenstedti, I. saladensis, I. sanjuanensis, I. sinuatus, I. somersetensis (syn. I. paramecostinus), I. steleodon, I. tenuirostris (syn. I. chirostrongulostinus, I. grandipes), I. thyreospondylus, I. torrei, I. torulosi, I. trigonodon, I. trigonus, I. triscissus, I. walkeri, I. zollerianus, Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis, Tibetosaurus, Tibetosaurus tingjiensis

Sister genera

Tibetosaurus

Synonyms

Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis was named by Koken (1883). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003) and Kolb and Sander (2009).
Ichthyosaurus latifrons was named by Konig (1825). It is not extant. Its type specimen is BMNH R1122.

It was recombined as Leptopterygius latifrons by von Huene (1922) and Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1974), McGowan (1989) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Gryphus was named by Wagler (1830). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus by Lydekker (1889).
Ichthyosaurus trigonus was named by Owen (1840). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Macropterygius trigonus by Delair (1960) and Frickhinger (1994); it was synonymized subjectively with Aegirosaurus leptospondylus by Bardet and Fernandez (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus posthumus was named by Wagner (1851).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus trigonus by Lydekker (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Macropterygius trigonus by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus cuvieri was named by Valenciennes (1861).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus trigonus by Lydekker (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Macropterygius trigonus by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus normanniae was named by Valenciennes (1861).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus trigonus by Lydekker (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Macropterygius trigonus by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus ovalis was named by Phillips (1871).

It was recombined as Macropterygius ovalis by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus dilatatus was named by Phillips (1871). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Macropterygius dilatatus by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus was named by Owen (1840) [Doubtful species; Location of original specimen probably Weymouth; a single vertebra described by Phillips (1871) "from Oxford Clay of Buckingham"]. It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Macropterygius thyreospondylus by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus was named by Owen (1881).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus by Lydekker (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Macropterygius thyreospondylus by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus sinuatus was named by Theodori (1854).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris by Lydekker (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Leptopterygius tenuirostris by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus giganteus was named by Leach (1840).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus platyodon by Owen (1840) and Lydekker (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Leptopterygius platyodon by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Eurypterygius was named by Jaekel (1904).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyosaurus by Maisch and Matzke (2000).

It was assigned to Macropterygiidae by von Huene (1951).
Tibetosaurus was named by Dong (1982) [Named by Dong in Young et al., 1982].

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lucas and González-León (1995) and Maisch and Matzke (2000).
Ichthyosaurus aequalis was named by Phillips (1871).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus franciscanus was named by Camp (1942). Its type specimen is Univ. California Mus. Paleontology no. 33432, a partial skull (fragment of a rostrum), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is UCMP V3531, Corral Hollow Creek, which is in a Pliensbachian/Cenomanian marine chert in California.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus californicus was named by Camp (1942). Its type specimen is Univ. California Mus. Paleontology, no. 36,394, a partial skull (fragment of a rostrum), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is UCMP V4041, Puerto Canyon, which is in a Pliensbachian/Cenomanian marine chert in California.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis was named by Appleby (1979) [Holotype from Lower Liassic, Moore Collection, Bath City Museum and Library]. Its type specimen is B. 1963'24/O.S., a skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Street (general), which is in a Hettangian shallow subtidal limestone/shale in the Blue Lias Formation of the United Kingdom.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lomax et al. (2017).
Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus was named by Seeley (1869).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus was named by Seeley (1969).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus advena was named by Phillips (1871).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi was named by Dames (1893).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976), Gasparini (1985) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus zollerianus was named by Quenstedt (1858).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus lacunosae was named by Quenstedt (1885).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976) and McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus steleodon was named by Bogolubow (1909). It is not extant. Its type locality is Gorodische, which is in a Hauterivian marine shale in the Russian Federation.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003) and Fischer et al. (2011).
Ichthyosaurus torrei was named by Torre and Cuervo (1939) [Material quite damaged]. Its type specimen is MNHNCU P3001, a partial skull (Fragmentary cranium), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Iturralde-Vinent and Norell (1996); it was considered a nomen nudum by Gasparini and Iturralde-Vinent (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus immanis was named by Phillipi (1895).

It was synonymized subjectively with Leptopterygius platyodon by Delair (1960); it was considered a nomen dubium by Gasparini (1985).
Ichthyosaurus hectori was named by Lydekker (1889).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Tibetosaurus tingjiensis was named by Young et al. (1982). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maisch and Matzke (2000).
Ichthyosaurus pottsi was named by Hector (1886). It is not extant.

It was replaced with Ichthyosaurus hectori by Lydekker (1889).
Ichthyosaurus aduncus was named by Quenstedt (1885).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus amalthei was named by Quenstedt (1856).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus arietis was named by Fraas (1891).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus bambergensis was named by Bauer (1901).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus biscissus was named by Wurstemberger (1876).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus ceramensis was named by Martin (1888).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus coniformis was named by Harlan (1824).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus was named by Theodori (1854).

It was recombined as Stenopterygius crassicostatus by von Huene (1922); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus hexagonus was named by Theodori (1854).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus kokeni was named by Broili (1908).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus was named by Burmeister and Giebel (1862).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus nasimowii was named by Fahrenkohl (1856).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus numismalis was named by Fraas (1892).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus planartus was named by Theodori (1854).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus psilonoti was named by Fraas (1891).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus quenstedti was named by Zittel (1890).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus saladensis was named by Rusconi (1948). Its type specimen is Rusconi coll. no. 107, a partial skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Bajada de las Vacas, Los Molles, which is in a Jurassic marine limestone in Argentina.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis was named by Rusconi (1949).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus torulosi was named by Quenstedt (1885).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus walkeri was named by Seeley (1869). Its type specimen is CAMSM B58069, a limb element (femur), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Cambridge Greensand [non-specific locality data], which is in an Albian open shallow subtidal marl in the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation of the United Kingdom.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003); it was recombined as Cetarthrosaurus walkeri by Seeley (1873) and Fischer et al. (2014).
Ichthyosaurus angustidens was named by Seeley (1869).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus bonneyi was named by Seeley (1869).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus platymerus was named by Seeley (1869).

It was considered a nomen nudum by McGowan and Motani (2003).
Ichthyosaurus indicus was named by Lydekker (1879). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1818	Ichthyosaurus Koenig
1822	Ichthyosaurus Parkinson p. 296
1824	Ichthyosaurus coniformis Harlan
1825	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Konig figs. Pl. 19, fig. 250
1826	Ichthyosaurus Fitzinger p. 9
1830	Gryphus Wagler p. 60
1840	Ichthyosaurus giganteus Leach
1840	Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 86
1840	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Owen p. 122
1840	Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Owen p. 124
1840	Ichthyosaurus trigonus Owen p. 124 fig. 514
1845	Ichthyosaurus Meyer p. 281
1849	Ichthyosaurus d'Orbigny p. 209
1851	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Mantell p. 385
1851	Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner p. 702
1854	Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus Theodori
1854	Ichthyosaurus hexagonus Theodori
1854	Ichthyosaurus planartus Theodori
1854	Ichthyosaurus sinuatus Theodori p. 50
1856	Ichthyosaurus nasimowii Fahrenkohl
1856	Ichthyosaurus amalthei Quenstedt
1858	Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt p. 371
1859	Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 149
1860	Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 200
1861	Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 220
1861	Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes p. 101
1861	Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes p. 273
1862	Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus Burmeister and Giebel
1869	Ichthyosaurus bonneyi Seeley
1869	Ichthyosaurus platymerus Seeley
1869	Ichthyosaurus angustidens Seeley p. 3
1869	Ichthyosaurus walkeri Seeley p. 65
1869	Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley p. 106
1871	Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips
1871	Ichthyosaurus dilatatus Phillips
1871	Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Phillips pp. 307, 337
1871	Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips p. 339
1871	Ichthyosaurus ovalis Phillips p. 339
1873	Cetarthrosaurus walkeri Seeley p. 505
1876	Ichthyosaurus biscissus Wurstemberger
1879	Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker p. 28 figs. Pl. 5:6-7
1881	Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen p. 127
1883	Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken
1885	Ichthyosaurus aduncus Quenstedt
1885	Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt
1885	Ichthyosaurus torulosi Quenstedt
1886	Ichthyosaurus Günther p. 442
1886	Ichthyosaurus pottsi Hector
1888	Ichthyosaurus ceramensis Martin
1889	Ichthyosaurus Lydekker p. 12
1889	Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker p. 22
1889	Ichthyosaurus trigonus Lydekker p. 22 figs. 12-14
1889	Ichthyosaurus ovalis Lydekker p. 29 fig. 15
1889	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Lydekker p. 89 figs. 31-33
1889	Ichthyosaurus hectori Lydekker p. 113
1890	Ichthyosaurus quenstedti Zittel
1891	Ichthyosaurus arietis Fraas
1891	Ichthyosaurus psilonoti Fraas
1892	Ichthyosaurus numismalis Fraas
1893	Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames p. 23 figs. Pl. 1 (1, 2)
1895	Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi
1901	Ichthyosaurus bambergensis Bauer
1904	Eurypterygius Jaekel
1908	Ichthyosaurus kokeni Broili
1908	Ichthyosaurus Merriam p. 88
1908	Ichthyosaurus hectori Merriam p. 154
1909	Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow
1914	Ichthyosaurus hectori Chapman p. 277
1922	Leptopterygius latifrons von Huene p. 15
1922	Stenopterygius crassicostatus von Huene p. 51
1939	Ichthyosaurus torrei Torre and Cuervo
1942	Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp p. 362 figs. 1, 2A
1942	Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp p. 367 figs. 3, 4
1948	Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi
1949	Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi
1949	Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis Rusconi
1951	Eurypterygius von Huene p. 90
1960	Macropterygius trigonus Delair p. 64
1960	Macropterygius dilatatus Delair p. 65
1960	Macropterygius ovalis Delair p. 65
1960	Macropterygius thyreospondylus Delair p. 66
1960	Leptopterygius latifrons Delair p. 73
1967	Ichthyosaurus Appleby p. 137
1969	Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley p. 106
1974	Ichthyosaurus McGowan p. 6
1979	Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis Appleby p. 942
1982	Tibetosaurus Dong
1982	Tibetosaurus tingjiensis Young et al.
1988	Ichthyosaurus Carroll
1994	Macropterygius trigonus Frickhinger p. 249 fig. 514
1999	Ichthyosaurus Motani p. 484
2000	Ichthyosaurus Maisch and Matzke pp. 74, 98
2000	Ichthyosaurus Sander
2002	Ichthyosaurus Sepkoski
2003	Ichthyosaurus McGowan and Motani
2008	Ichthyosaurus Maisch et al.
2010	Ichthyosaurus Maisch
2011	Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2012	Ichthyosaurus Bennett et al.
2012	Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2013	Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2014	Ichthyosaurus Arkhangelsky and Zverkov
2014	Cetarthrosaurus walkeri Fischer et al.
2015	Ichthyosaurus Brusatte et al.
2015	Ichthyosaurus Lomax and Massare
2016	Ichthyosaurus Ji et al. p. 12
2018	Ichthyosaurus Massare and Lomax

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967

Rank	Name	Author
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Ichthyosauromorpha
—	Ichthyosauriformes
—	Ichthyopterygia	(Owen 1840)
—	Eoichthyosauria
—	Ichthyosauria	(de Blainville 1835)
—	Thunnosauria
family	Ichthyosauridae	Bonaparte 1841
genus	Ichthyosaurus	Koenig 1818

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Ichthyosaurus Koenig 1818

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†Ichthyosaurus acutirostris Owen 1840

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus crassimanus Tate and Blake 1876 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus longifrons Owen 1881 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus longipennis Mantell 1851 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus microdon Wagner 1851 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus Seeley 1880 [synonym]

†Ichthyosaurus anningae Lomax and Massare 2015

†Ichthyosaurus breviceps Owen 1881

†Ichthyosaurus communis Conybeare 1821

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chiroparamekostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus chiropolyostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus fortimanus Owen 1884 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus intermedius Conybeare 1822 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus latimanus Owen 1840 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus polyostinus Hawkins 1840 [synonym]

†Ichthyosaurus conybeari Lydekker 1888

†Ichthyosaurus entheciodon Hulke 1871

†Ichthyosaurus enthekiodon Hulke 1871

†Ichthyosaurus extremus Boulenger 1904

†Ichthyosaurus larkini Lomax and Massare 2017

†Ichthyosaurus longimanus Owen 1884

†Ichthyosaurus longipes von Wurstemberger 1876

†Ichthyosaurus somersetensis Lomax and Massare 2017

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus paramecostinus Hawkins 1840 [replaced]

†Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris Conybeare 1822

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chirostrongulostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus grandipes Sharpe 1830 [synonym]

†Ichthyosaurus trigonodon Theodori 1843

†Ichthyosaurus triscissus Quenstedt 1856

Invalid names: Eurypterygius Jaekel 1904 [synonym], Gryphus Wagler 1830 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus aduncus Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips 1871 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus amalthei Quenstedt 1856 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus angustidens Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus arietis Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bambergensis Bauer 1901 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus biscissus Wurstemberger 1876 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames 1893 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bonneyi Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen 1881 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp 1942 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus ceramensis Martin 1888 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus coniformis Harlan 1824 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes 1861 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus dilatatus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp 1942 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus giganteus Leach 1840 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus hectori Lydekker 1889 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus hexagonus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken 1883 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley 1969 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi 1895 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker 1879 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus kokeni Broili 1908 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus latifrons Konig 1825 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus Burmeister and Giebel 1862 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus nasimowii Fahrenkohl 1856 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes 1861 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus numismalis Fraas 1892 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus ovalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus planartus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus platymerus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner 1851 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus psilonoti Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus quenstedti Zittel 1890 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi 1948 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis Rusconi 1949 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus sinuatus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow 1909 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus torrei Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus torulosi Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus trigonus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus walkeri Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt 1858 [nomen dubium], Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis Appleby 1979 [nomen dubium], Tibetosaurus Dong 1982 [nomen dubium], Tibetosaurus tingjiensis Young et al. 1982 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
M. W. Maisch and A. T. Matzke 2000	"Moderately large to large ichthyosaurs, skull length between 30 and 60 cm, quadratojugal with long processus quadratus, humuerus robust and short, forefin with four primary digits and postaxial accessories, fin elements form a completely closed polygonal mosaic pattern in the fore- and hindfin, except the distal tips, coracoid with anterior and posterior notches, about 44 presacral vertebrae, neural spines of thoracal vertebral column long."
C. Ji et al. 2016	Sagittal eminence absent; frontal and postfrontal separated by prefrontal; squamosal absent; basioccipital with extensive extracondylar area; basioccipital peg well developed; coracoid posterior concavity present; forefin with no fewer than four digits, mostly over five; ulnare equal or larger than interme- dium; digital bifurcation present; phalanges numerous and closely packed; pubis and ischium not fused.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

nektonico

Diet:

carnivoreo

Reproduction:

viviparouso

Created:

2009-07-20 06:07:40

Modified:

2010-02-23 00:20:57

Source: o = order

Reference: Kiessling 2004

Age range: base of the Lacian to the top of the Late/Upper Albian or 221.50000 to 99.60000 Ma

Collections (83 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	Chile	I. sp. (29509)
Norian	228.0 - 208.5	USA (Nevada)	I. sp. (100391 100403)
Lacian	221.5 - 215.56	USA (Nevada)	I. sp. (100412)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	United Kingdom (England)	I. sp. (96616 96617 122362)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur Region)	I. sp. (31773 31774)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	France (Burgundy)	I. costatus (144759)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	Germany (Baden-Württemberg)	I. rhaeticus (91635) I. sp. (131422)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté)	I. sp. (90876)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	Belgium (Gaume)	I. sp. (139198 139202)
Rhaetian - Hettangian	208.5 - 199.3	United Kingdom (England)	I. intermedius (96608 96611) I. tenuirostris (96609) I. tenuirostris, I. intermedius (96606 96607)
Early/Lower Jurassic	201.4 - 174.7	United Kingdom (Somerset)	I. communis, I. latimanus (198904)
Early/Lower Jurassic	201.4 - 174.7	United Kingdom (England)	I. chiroparamekostinus (153787) I. chirostrongulostinus (153786)
Hettangian	201.3 - 199.3	United Kingdom (England)	I. chiropolyostinus (153783) I. conununis (105080) I. sp., I. communis (142744) I. tenuirostris, I. communis, I. intermedius (149321)
Early/Lower Hettangian	201.3 - 196.5	United Kingdom (England)	I. chirostrongulostinus, I. chiroparamekostinus, I. larkini (110213) I. communis, I. intermedius, Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis, I. larkini, I. somersetensis (119083) I. sp. (113956)
Hettangian - Pliensbachian	201.3 - 182.7	United Kingdom (England)	I. chirostrongulostinus (153784) I. comminis (98151) I. communis (98150)
Sinemurian	199.3 - 190.8	Canada (British Columbia)	I. sp. (4884)
Early/Lower Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	United Kingdom	I. breviceps (139854)
Early/Lower Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	United Kingdom (Scotland)	I. communis (165070)
Early/Lower Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	Switzerland (Aargau)	I. communis (142834)
Early/Lower Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	United Kingdom (England)	I. communis (227266) I. tenuirostris, I. communis, I. intermedius (140334)
Late/Upper Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	Belgium	I. communis (176443)
Late/Upper Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	United Kingdom (England)	I. intermedius (227267)
Late/Upper Sinemurian	196.5 - 189.6	Belgium (Luxembourg)	I. communis (188429)
Semicostatum	196.5 - 189.6	United Kingdom	I. communis, I. breviceps, I. conybeari (42202)
Pliensbachian - Cenomanian	190.8 - 93.9	USA (California)	I. californicus (185384) I. franciscanus (102282)
Davoei	189.6 - 183.0	United Kingdom (England)	I. sp. (130760)
Early/Lower Pliensbachian	189.6 - 183.0	United Kingdom (England)	I. anningae (176440) I. communis (139701)
Early/Lower Toarcian	183.0 - 182.0	United Kingdom (England)	Leptopterygius acutirostris (90448 90458 90461)
Early/Lower Toarcian	183.0 - 182.0	France	I. longifrons (122732)
Falciferum	183.0 - 182.0	Germany	I. longipes (139781)
Falciferum - Bifrons	183.0 - 175.6	United Kingdom (England)	I. acutirostris, Leptopterygius acutirostris (90459)
Toarcian	182.7 - 174.1	Greenland	I. sp. (162090)
Aalenian	174.1 - 170.3	Chile (Antofagasta)	I. sp. (172177)
Bajocian	170.3 - 168.3	Chile (Huasco)	I. sp. (223385)
Callovian	166.1 - 163.5	United Kingdom (England)	I. dilatatus (100518)
Early/Lower Callovian	164.7 - 161.2	Chile (Antofagasta)	I. quenstedti (170680) I. sp. (172173)
Late/Upper Callovian	164.7 - 161.2	Chile (Antofagasta)	I. sp. (172174)
Late/Upper Callovian	164.7 - 161.2	United Kingdom (England)	I. dilatatus (92052)
Late/Upper Callovian	164.7 - 161.2	France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais)	I. sp. (144756)
Oxfordian	163.5 - 157.3	United Kingdom (England)	I. dilatatus (100669)
Oxfordian	163.5 - 157.3	Chile (Antofagasta)	I. sp. (172175)
Late/Upper Jurassic	161.5 - 145.0	Switzerland (Baselland)	I. sp. (48614)
Late/Upper Jurassic	161.5 - 145.0	Argentina (Mendoza)	Ichthyosauria indet. (137145)
Kimmeridgian	157.3 - 152.1	France (Poitou-Charentes)	I. sp. (70550)
Kimmeridgian	157.3 - 152.1	Chile (Antofagasta)	I. sp. (172176)
Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian	157.3 - 145.0	Mexico (Coahuila)	I. sp. (144332)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian	155.7 - 150.8	France (Aquitaine)	I. sp. (94532)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian	155.7 - 150.8	United Kingdom (England)	I. enthekiodon (119504) I. sp. (70996)
Tithonian	152.1 - 145.0	USA (Oregon)	I. californicus (102275)
Tithonian	152.1 - 145.0	France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais)	I. entheciodon, I. thyreospondylus (48880) I. thyreospondylus (48879 65030) I. trigonus (53967)
Berriasian	145.0 - 139.8	United Kingdom (England)	I. sp. (77058)
Early/Lower Hauterivian	136.4 - 130.0	Germany	I. sp. (91586)
Hauterivian	132.9 - 129.4	Russian Federation (Ulyanovsk Oblast)	I. steleodon (172585)
Late/Upper Aptian	122.46 - 113.0	United Kingdom (England)	I. sp. (58095)
Late/Upper Albian	105.3 - 99.6	United Kingdom (Norfolk)	I. angustidens (214384)