PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Characoidei

Actinopteri - Characiformes

Taxonomy

Characoidei is a suborder. It is extant.

It was assigned to Characiformes by Betancur et al. (2013), Nelson et al. (2016).

Subtaxa

Acestrorhynchidae, Alestoidea, Bryconidae, Chalceidae, Characidae, Characoidea, Chilodontidae, Crenuchidae, Crenuchoidea, Ctenoluciidae, Cynodontidae, Erythrinidae, Erythrinoidea, Gasteropelecidae, Hemiodontidae, Hepsetidae, Lebiasinidae, Parodontidae, Prochilodontidae, Serrasalmidae, Triportheidae

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
2013	Characoidei Betancur et al.
2016	Characoidei Nelson et al. p. 195

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
superclass	Actinopterygii	()
class	Actinopteri	()
subclass	Neopterygii	(Regan 1923)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Teleosteomorpha
—	Teleostei	(Müller 1846)
—	Teleocephala	de Pinna 1996
—	Clupeocephala	Patterson and Rosen 1977
—	Otocephala
superorder	Ostariophysi	Jordan and Evermann 1896
—	Otophysi
superorder	Characiphysae
order	Characiformes	Regan 1911
suborder	Characoidei
suborder	Characoidei

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. Characoidei

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Fm. Acestrorhynchidae

Invalid names: Acestrorhynchinae [empty], Heterocharacinae [empty], Roestinae [empty]

Superfm. Alestoidea

Fm. Alestidae

G. Hydrocynus Cuvier 1816

Fm. Characidae

G. Colossoma Cuvier 1818

Colossoma macropomum Cuvier 1818

Invalid names: Agoniatinae [empty], Aphyocharacinae [empty], Aphyoditeinae [empty], Bryconinae [empty], Characinae [empty], Cheirodontinae [empty], Clupeacharacinae [empty], Gymnocharacinae [empty], Iguanodectinae [empty], Rhoadsiinae [empty], Stethaprioninae [empty], Stevardiinae [empty], Tetragonopterinae Lundberg 1997 [empty]

Fm. Crenuchidae

Invalid names: Charcidiinae [empty], Crenuchinae [empty]

Fm. Cynodontidae

G. Hydrolycus Lundberg 1997

G. Rhaphiodon Agassiz 1829

Fm. Erythrinidae

G. Hoplias Gill 1903

Superfm. Erythrinoidea

Fm. Anostomidae

G. Leporinus Lundberg 1997

Invalid names: Curimatidae [empty]

Fm. Hemiodontidae

Subfm. Hemiodontinae

Invalid names: Bivibranchiini [empty], Hemiodontini [empty]

Fm. Lebiasinidae

Invalid names: Lebiasininae [empty], Pyrrhulininae [empty]

Fm. Serrasalmidae Günther 1864

G. †Megapiranha Cione et al. 2009

†Megapiranha paranensis Cione et al. 2009

G. Mylossoma Eigenmann and Kennedy 1903

G. Piaractus Eigenmann 1903

Invalid names: Bryconidae [empty], Chalceidae [empty], Characoidea [empty], Chilodontidae Eigenmann 1912 [empty], Crenuchoidea [empty], Ctenoluciidae [empty], Gasteropelecidae [empty], Hepsetidae [empty], Parodontidae [empty], Prochilodontidae [empty], Triportheidae [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

freshwatero

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Created:

2017-04-17 10:36:16

Modified:

2017-04-17 10:36:16

Source: o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Bush and Bambach 2015

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Calabrian or 72.20000 to 0.77400 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (135 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Romania (Hunedoara)	Characidae indet. (67811)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Bolivia (Cochabamba)	Characoidei indet., Tetragonopterinae indet. (12855)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Bolivia (Mizque)	Hoplias sp. (13501)
Thanetian	59.24 - 56.0	Bolivia	Serrasalmidae indet., Erythrinidae indet. (176065)
Thanetian - Ypresian	59.24 - 48.07	Peru (Puno)	Tetragonopterinae indet. (28230 132938)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	Algeria	Characidae indet. (71984)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Namibia (Sperrgebiet)	Hydrocynus sp. (149173)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	Peru (Loreto)	Colossoma sp., Hydrolycus sp. (176140) Leporinus sp. (176151)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	Peru	Cynodontidae indet. (176154) Leporinus sp. (176136 176139)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	48.07 - 33.9	Libya (Sirt)	Alestidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (187328) Hydrocynus sp. (175361 175362 187327)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	United Kingdom (England)	Characoidei indet. (39014)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Peru (San Martin)	Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (225588)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Peru (San Martín)	Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (225589)
Priabonian - Rupelian	37.71 - 27.3	Peru (Loreto)	Leporinus sp. (144474)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Peru	Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (199559 199561 199563 225590)
Rupelian - Chattian	33.9 - 23.04	Peru (Loreto)	Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176129)
Rupelian - Chattian	33.9 - 23.04	Peru	Anostomidae indet. sp 1, Anostomidae indet. sp 2, Hydrolycus sp. (199560) Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (199562)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Peru (Loreto)	Erythrinidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176130) Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176147)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Kenya	Alestidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (174672)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Peru	Anostomidae indet. (176155) Hydrolycus sp. (176148)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Tanzania (Mbeya)	Alestidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (190951)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.04 - 2.58	Uganda	Characidae indet. (22344) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22247 22396 22398 22400 22405 22419 22433) Hydrocynus sp. (22214 22217 22218 22245 22392 22422 22437 22457)
Colhuehuapian	21.0 - 17.5	Peru	Anostomidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176149)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Uganda	Alestidae indet. (192070)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Colombia (La Guajira)	Serrasalmidae sp., Characidae sp. (166506)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Colombia (Guajira)	Mylossoma sp., Piaractus brachypomus (190376)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Peru	Anostomidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176135)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Peru (Loreto)	Colossoma macropomum (224013) Hoplias sp., Serrasalmidae indet., Colossoma macropomum (224012) Serrasalmidae indet., Characidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Mylossoma sp. (224007) Serrasalmidae indet., Colossoma macropomum (224009) Serrasalmidae indet., Cynodontidae indet. (224010)
Serravallian - Tortonian	13.82 - 7.246	Peru	Anostomidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176156) Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176143)
Laventan	13.8 - 11.0	Colombia (Huila)	Characidae indet., Colossoma macropomum, Hydrolycus sp., Tetragonopterinae indet. (186683) Colossoma macropomum (186447 186669) Hydrolycus sp. (186678) Leporinus sp. (186679)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Brazil (Acre)	Colossoma sp. (55602)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Venezuela	Serrasalmidae indet. (200110 200111)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Peru	Anostomidae tricuspid teeth, Anostomidae hexacuspid teeth, Hydrolycus sp. (176162) Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176133)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Uganda	Hydrocynus sp. (22358 22443)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.63 - 5.333	Kenya	Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22241)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene	11.63 - 3.6	Chad	Hydrocynus sp. (24181)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene	11.63 - 3.6	Uganda	Hydrocynus sp. (22345)
Huayquerian	8.0 - 5.0	Argentina (Entre Rios)	Cynodontidae indet., Colossoma macropomus (55600) Megapiranha paranensis (140471 140472)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Chad	Hydrocynus sp. (59839)
Messinian - Zanclean	7.246 - 3.6	Tanzania	Hydrocynus sp. (22042 22058)
Messinian - Zanclean	7.246 - 3.6	Kenya	Hydrocynus sp. (22242)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Kenya	Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22240) Hydrocynus sp. (21406 21510)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Congo-Kinshasa	Hydrocynus sp. (22198)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Uganda	Characidae indet. (22250) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22258) Hydrocynus sp. (22257 22265)
Zanclean - Piacenzian	5.333 - 2.58	Kenya	Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22235 22239)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Congo-Kinshasa	Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22122 22346) Hydrocynus sp. (22207)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Uganda	Hydrocynus sp. (22202 22203 22209)
Montehermosan	5.0 - 3.8	Argentina (Buenos Aires)	Characidae indet. (152081 198863)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	Egypt	Hydrocynus sp. (22592)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	Venezuela (Falcon)	Hoplias sp., Serrasalmidae indet., Mylossoma sp. (122033)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Ethiopia	Hydrocynus sp. (21546)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Kenya	Hydrocynus sp. (21425 21432 21436 21485 21509)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Colombia (La Guajira)	Serrasalmidae sp., Characidae sp., Hydrolycus scomberoides, Hydrolycus sp., Rhaphiodon sp. (166508)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene	3.6 - 0.0117	Uganda	Hydrocynus sp. (22178)
Gelasian	2.58 - 1.8	Kenya	Hydrocynus sp. (21398 21412 21418 21420 21451 21457 21461 21478 21483 21486 21504 21537)
Gelasian	2.58 - 1.8	Ethiopia	Hydrocynus sp. (21545)
Gelasian - Calabrian	2.58 - 0.774	Kenya	Hydrocynus sp. (21367 21370 21421 21462 21495 21498 22342)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Kenya (Rift Valley)	Hydrocynus sp. (21294)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Kenya	Hydrocynus sp. (21368 21443)