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Oepikina minnesotensis

Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Furcitellidae

Discussion

This is it's own species! It needs to be separated from Rafenisquina minnesotensis.

Taxonomy
Strophomena minnesotensis was named by Winchell (1881) [= Leptaena deltoidea (Conrad. Owen 1852, Report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, p. 629, tab. 21, fig. 10 (not the middle figure) = Strophomena incrassata Safford (not Hall). HALL, 1883, New York State Geologist Second Ann. Rept., pl. 38(8), fig. 2 (not figs. 1, 3-5). (from Salmon 1942)].

It was recombined as Rafinesquina minnesotensis by Hall and Clarke (1892), Winchell and Schuchert (1895), Grabau and Shimer (1907), Bassler (1915), Hume (1925); it was recombined as Opikina minnesotensis by Salmon (1942); it was recombined as Oepikina minnesotensis by Bretsky and Bretskey (1975), Pope (1982).

Sister species lacking formal opinion data
O. platys, O. rugosa

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1881Strophomena minnesotensis Winchell p. 120 figs. pl. 4 f. 24 & 25
1892Rafinesquina minnesotensis Hall and Clarke p. 283
1895Rafinesquina minnesotensis Winchell and Schuchert pp. 401-403 figs. pI. 31, figs. 25-26, 29
1907Rafinesquina minnesotensis Grabau and Shimer p. 215 fig. 252
1915Rafinesquina minnesotensis Bassler p. 1022
1925Rafinesquina minnesotensis Hume
1942Opikina minnesotensis Salmon pp. 592 - 593 figs. Plate 87, figures 5-11
1975Oepikina minnesotensis Bretsky and Bretskey pp. 9, 18 figs. pl. 1-2
1982Oepikina minnesotensis Pope pp. L6-L17 figs. Plate 1, figures 1-14; plate 2, figures 1-12; plate 3, figures 1-19; text-figures 1-11

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
—Lophophorata
—PanbrachiopodaCarlson and Cohen 2020
RankNameAuthor
phylumBrachiopodaCuvier 1805
subphylumRhynchonelliformeaWilliams et al. 1996
classStrophomenataWilliams et al 1996
orderStrophomenidaOpik 1934
superfamilyStrophomenoideaKing 1846
familyFurcitellidae(Williams 1965)
genusOepikina()
speciesminnesotensis()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Oepikina minnesotensis Winchell 1881
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Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
E. S. Salmon 1942Shell relatively small, outline evenly and narrowly rounded; widest at or anterior to the hinge line; cardinal angles bluntly rounded, about 90˚. Convexity high; posterior gently rounded, anterior a long straight slope. Geniculation sharply rounded but not angular, about 10 mm. from the beak, forming an angle of about 100˚.

No surface markings are visible on the specimens believed to be the syntypes, which are silicified internal molds of pedicle valves. However, other specimens from the same horizon and locality that appear to be specifically identical with the types have very fine costellae of alternating sizes, and the shell is very finely pseudopunctate.

The pedicle muscle area is nearly circular and occupies about one-half the interior surface. The dental lamellae diverge at an angle of about 120?; the lateral and anterior margins of the muscle area are very faintly marked. The adductor tracks consist of a relatively wide ridge, which is highest at the anterior end. The diductor scars are marked by fine radial ridges. The entire visceral area is limited by a low circular ridge. The interior of the brachial valve shows the median and two pairs of lateral septa, which are highest at the anterior ends, and a sharp ridge around the anterior and lateral margins of the visceral area.
J. K. Pope 1982Shells relatively small. Outline semicircular, slightly transverse or slightly elongate. Cardinal extremities orthogonal, rounded, or slightly alate. Convexity variable, low and smoothly curved to high with rounded geniculation. Costellae fine, uniform to weakly unequal. Teeth strong, transversely grooved. Diductor muscle scars oval, slightly impressed. Ventral adductor muscle scars on elongated ridges. Ventral valve with low submarginal rim. Dorsal trans-muscle ridges straight or with slight angular bend; highest toward anterior. Marginal rim of dorsal valve conspicuous.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: low Mg calcitep
Entire body: yesg
Adult length: 10 to < 100g
Adult width: 10 to < 100g
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10g
Folds: noneg
Ribbing: minorg
Spines: noneg
Internal reinforcement: noneg
Environment: marineuc
Locomotion: stationaryo
Attached: yesp
Life habit: epifaunalo
Diet: suspension feedero
Vision: blindc
Created: 2009-06-10 11:56:20
Modified: 2009-06-10 13:56:20
Source: g = genus, o = order, c = class, p = phylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Nesnidal et al. 2013, Aberhan et al. 2004, Hendy 2009

Age range: base of the Turinian to the top of the Chatfieldian or 457.30000 to 451.00000 Ma

Collections (63 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Caradoc458.2 - 449.5USA (Wisconsin) Oepikina minnesotensis (55651)
Caradoc458.2 - 449.5USA (Virginia) Oepikina minnesotensis (33934 33935 33936 33937 34007 34028 34029 34030 34031 34032 34152 34153 34167 34168 34169 76125)
Caradoc458.2 - 449.5USA (Georgia) Rafinesquina minnesotensis (33103 33104 33105 33106 33107)
Turinian457.3 - 453.8USA (Kentucky) Oepikina minnesotensis (184637 184655 184656)
Turinian457.3 - 453.8Canada (Ontario) Opikina minnesotensis (26174 26188) Rafinesquina minnesotensis (184970 185478 185479 185480)
Ashbyan457.3 - 449.6USA (Virginia) Oepikina minnesotensis (33938 33980 33981 33982 33983 33984 33995 33996 33997)
Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6USA (Minnesota) Oepikina minnesotensis (23273 23274)
Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6Canada (Ontario) Opikina minnesotensis (26172)
Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6USA (Illinois, Iowa) Oepikina minnesotensis (23789 23790 23791 23792 23794)
Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6USA (Wisconsin) Oepikina minnesotensis (417 168429)
Blackriveran - Rocklandian457.3 - 449.6USA (Illinois, Iowa) Oepikina minnesotensis (23795)
Blackriveran - Rocklandian457.3 - 449.6USA (Minnesota) Oepikina minnesotensis (23276)
Kirkfieldian457.3 - 449.6USA (Illinois, Iowa) Oepikina minnesotensis (23797 23798)
Rocklandian - Kirkfieldian457.3 - 449.6USA (Illinois, Iowa) Oepikina minnesotensis (23796)
Rocklandian - Shermanian457.3 - 449.6USA (Minnesota) Oepikina minnesotensis (23277 23290)
Shermanian457.3 - 449.6USA (Illinois, Iowa) Oepikina minnesotensis (23799)
Shermanian457.3 - 449.6USA (Minnesota) Oepikina minnesotensis (23278)
Chatfieldian453.8 - 451.0Canada (Ontario) Rafinesquina minnesotensis (185002 185260 185265 185268)