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Paracrinoidea

Paracrinoidea

Taxonomy
Paracrinoidea was named by Regnell (1945). It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Limbeck et al. (2024).

It was assigned to Crinozoa by Beaver et al. (1967); to Paracrinozoa by Parsley (1981); to Echinodermata by Sepkoski (2002); and to Blastozoa by Smith (1984) and Limbeck et al. (2024).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1945Paracrinoidea Regnell
1967Paracrinoidea Beaver et al. p. S1
1981Paracrinoidea Parsley
1984Paracrinoidea Smith
2002Paracrinoidea Sepkoski
2024Paracrinoidea Limbeck et al. p. 4,10

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
RankNameAuthor
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumBlastozoa
classParacrinoideaRegnell 1945
classParacrinoideaRegnell 1945

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Cl. †Paracrinoidea Regnell 1945
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Or. †Comarocystitida Parsley and Mintz 1975
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Fm. †Achradocystitidae Stukalina and Hintz 1989
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G. †Achradocystites Volborth 1870
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†Achradocystites schmidti Hecker 1958
Fm. †Amygdalocystitidae Jaekel 1900
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G. †Amygdalocystites Billings 1854
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†Amygdalocystites florealis Billings 1854
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Invalid names: Amygdalocystites laevis Billings 1883 [synonym]
†Amygdalocystites radiatus Billings 1854
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Invalid names: Amygdalocystites invaginata Bassler 1950 [synonym]
Invalid names: Billingsocystis Bassler 1950 [synonym]
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†Oklahomacystis spissus Frest et al. 1980
†Oklahomacystis trigonis Guensburg 1984
Fm. †Comarocystitidae Bather 1899
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G. †Comarocystites Billings 1854
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†Comarocystites punctatus Billings 1854
†Comarocystites tribrachius Parsley and Mintz 1975
G. †Implicaticystis Frest and Strimple 1982
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†Implicaticystis shumardi Meek and Worthen 1865
†Implicaticystis symmetricus Frest and Strimple 1982
G. †Sinclairocystis Bassler 1950
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†Sinclairocystis praedicta Bassler 1950
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Invalid names: Sinclairocystis angulatus Strimple 1952 [synonym], Sinclairocystis sulphurensis Strimple 1952 [synonym]
Fm. †Heckeritidae Rozhnov 1987
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G. †Heckerites Rozhnov 1987
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†Heckerites multistellatus Rozhnov 2012
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Fm. †Bistomiacystitidae Sprinkle and Parsley 1982
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†Bistomiacystis globosa Sprinkle and Parsley 1982
†Bistomiacystis schrantzi Sumrall and Deline 2009
Fm. †Malocystitidae Bather 1899
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G. †Malocystites Billings 1858
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†Malocystites murchisoni Billings 1858
G. †Wellerocystis Foerste 1920
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Fm. †Platycystitidae Parsley and Mintz 1975
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G. †Canadocystis Jaekel 1900
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†Canadocystis barrandei Billings 1858
†Canadocystis emmonsi Hudson 1905
†Canadocystis tennesseensis Parsley and Mintz 1975
Invalid names: Sigmacystis Hudson 1911 [synonym]
Subfm. †Platycystitinae Parsley and Mintz 1975
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G. †Globulocystites Frest et al. 1979
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†Globulocystites rotundatus Frest et al. 1979
G. †Platycystites Miller 1889
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†Platycystites cristatus Bassler 1943
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Invalid names: Platycystites bromidensis Bassler 1943 [synonym], Platycystites fimbriatus Bassler 1943 [synonym]
†Platycystites faberi Miller 1889
†Platycystites levatus Bassler 1943
†Platycystites ovalis Frest et al. 1979
Fm. †Springerocystidae Bassler 1950
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G. †Columbocystis Bassler 1950
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†Columbocystis ovata Parsley 1975
†Columbocystis typica Bassler 1950
G. †Foerstecystis Bassler 1950
G. †Springerocystis Bassler 1950
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Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calcitep
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: stationaryc
Life habit: epifaunalc
Diet: suspension feederc
Vision: blindc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Created: 2004-02-29 11:34:01
Modified: 2010-02-15 03:08:24
Source: c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range: base of the Middle Ordovician to the top of the Pirgu or 470.00000 to 445.20000 Ma

Collections (84 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Middle Ordovician470.0 - 458.4USA (Kentucky) Globulocystites sp., Canadocystis tennesseensis (124619)
Chazyan470.0 - 457.3USA (New York) Malocystites emmonsi (172240 172318 172319 172336) Malocystites emmonsi, Malocystites murchisoni (172331) Malocystites indet. (42809) Malocystites murchisoni (56184 172322 172335)
Chazyan470.0 - 457.3USA (Tennessee) Canadocystis tennesseensis (197214)
Chazyan470.0 - 457.3Canada (Ontario) Malocystites murchisoni (172204 172356)
Chazyan470.0 - 457.3Canada (Quebec) Canadocystis barrandei, Canadocystis emmonsi (197279) Canadocystis sp., Malocystites sp. (311 435) Malocystites murchisoni (80006 172209 197217) Malocystites sp. (307)
Soudleyan - Marshbrookian458.4 - 454.0USA (Kentucky) Bistomiacystis schrantzi (190385)
Caradoc458.4 - 449.5USA (Virginia) Columbocystis typica (37904)
Caradoc458.4 - 449.5USA (Tennessee) Foerstecystis obliqua, Springerocystis longicollis (37903) Paracrinoidea indet. (193695) Platycystites faberi (197204 197207) Platycystites faberi, Columbocystis ovata (197206)
Gisbornian - Eastonian458.4 - 449.5Australia (Tasmania) Comarocystites sp. (2685)
Idavere458.0 - 453.0Estonia (Harju) Achradocystites sp. (193518)
Idavere458.0 - 453.0Russian Federation Heckerites multistellatus (160532)
Turinian457.3 - 453.8USA (Tennessee) Columbocystis ovata (227641)
Turinian457.3 - 453.8Canada (Quebec) Comarocystites punctatus (185347 185348 185350) Comarocystites punctatus, Amygdalocystites radiatus (195625)
Turinian457.3 - 453.8USA (Kentucky) Amygdalocystites fiorealis (100231)
Ashbyan457.3 - 449.6USA (Virginia) Globulocystites rotundatus (196809) Globulocystites rotundatus, Platycystites faberi (164380) Platycystites faberi (197208)
Ashbyan457.3 - 449.6USA (Tennessee) Canadocystis tennesseensis (195569)
Ashbyan - Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6USA (Tennessee) Canadocystis tennesseensis (197213) Platycystites faberi (197205)
Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6USA (Oklahoma) Amygdalocystites sp., Platycystites sp., Amygdalocystites florealis, Platycystites faberi, Platycystites infundus, Globulocystites infundus, Sinclairocystis praedicta, Sinclairocystis angulatus, Sinclairocystis sulphurensis, Amygdalocystites tribrachiatus, Oklahomacystis tribrachiatus, Oklahomacystis spissus (24095) Amygdalocystites tribrachiatus (24097) Bistomiacystis globosa (227645) Oklahomacystis bibrachiatus (227644) Oklahomacystis sp., Sinclairocystis sp., Platycystites sp. (24101) Platycystites sp. (24103 24104) Platycystites sp., Bistomiacystis sp. (24102) Platycystites sp., Platycystites bassleri, Amygdalocystites florealis, Globulocystites cristatus, Platycystites levatus, Platycystites fimbriatus, Platycystites bromidensis (23990) Sinclairocystis praedicta (37909) Sinclairocystis praedicta, Oklahomacystis spissus (164465) Sinclairocystis praedicta, Oklahomacystis tribrachiatus (197203) Sinclairocystis sp. (24105)
Blackriveran457.3 - 449.6USA (Tennessee) Canadocystis tennesseensis (197212) Oklahomacystis trigonis (195670)
Shermanian457.3 - 449.6Canada (Ontario) Amygdalocystites florealis (26272)
Shermanian457.3 - 449.6USA (Illinois, Iowa) Amygdalocystites sp. (23481 23486)
Shermanian457.3 - 449.6USA (Minnesota) Amygdalocystites sp. (23404)
Trentonian457.3 - 449.6Canada (Ontario) Amygdalocystites sp. (401)
Trentonian457.3 - 449.6USA (Missouri) Oklahomacystis sp., Wellerocystis kimmswickensis, Implicaticystis symmetricus, Implicaticystis shumardi (13157)
Keila453.9 - 453.0Estonia (Harju) Achradocystites sp. (169041) Heckerites multistellatus (168223)
Keila453.9 - 453.0Estonia (Lääne-Viru) Achradocystites sp. (197526)
Keila453.9 - 453.0Estonia Achradocystites schmidti (197520)
Chatfieldian453.8 - 451.0USA (Kentucky) Amygdalocystites florealis (197152) Billingsocystis invaginata (37908) Comarocystites tribrachius (197153)
Chatfieldian453.8 - 451.0Canada (Quebec) Comarocystites punctatus (185477)
Chatfieldian453.8 - 451.0USA (Missouri) Implicaticystis symmetricus, Implicaticystis shumardi (227654) Wellerocystis kimmswickensis (154953)
Chatfieldian453.8 - 451.0Canada (Québec) Amygdalocystites gorgo (197194)
Chatfieldian453.8 - 451.0Canada (Ontario) Amygdalocystites florealis, Comarocystites punctatus (197156) Amygdalocystites radiatus (197157) Amygdalocystites tenuiradiatus, Amygdalocystites florealis, Amygdalocystites radiatus (197145) Ottawacystites laevis, Amygdalocystites radiatus (197147)
Oandu453.0 - 451.8Estonia (Harju) Achradocystites schmidti (197529)
Oandu453.0 - 451.8Estonia (Rookula) Achradocystites schmidti (37773)
Oandu453.0 - 451.8Estonia (Kuusiku) Achradocystites schmidti (37777)
Johvi453.0 - 449.9Estonia (Harju) Achradocystites sp. (193519)
Katian453.0 - 445.2Canada (Ontario) Amygdalocystites sp. (228229)
Pirgu449.5 - 445.2Norway (Oslo Asker) Heckerites multistellatus (164211)