PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Coulonia

Asteroidea - Paxillosida - Astropectinidae

Taxonomy

Coulonia was named by de Loriol (1874). It is not extant. Its type is Coulonia neocomiensis.

It was assigned to Astropectinidae by de Loriol (1874), Villier (2010), Gale (2020) and Ewin and Gale (2020).

Species

Betelgeusia brezinai, Betelgeusia exposita, Betelgeusia reidi, C. caseyi, C. colei, C. neocomiensis (syn. Cuneaster hauteriviensis) (type species), C. parva, C. platispina, C. platyspina (syn. Betelgeusia orientalis), Cuneaster armatus (syn. Astropecten crispatus), Cuneaster mirabilis

Synonyms

Betelgeusia was named by Blake and Reid (1998) [Sepkoski's age data: K Albi-m Sepkoski's reference number: 1265]. It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Coulonia by Ewin and Gale (2020).

It was assigned to Paxillosida by Sepkoski (2002); to Astropectinidae by Gale (2011); and to Radiasteridae by Blake and Reid (1998), Blake and Jagt (2005), Blake and Reboul (2011) and Blake et al. (2018).
Cuneaster was named by Hess (1955) [Sepkoski's age data: K Haut-l T Eo-l]. It is not extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Coulonia by Jagt (2000) and Ewin and Gale (2020).

It was assigned to Astropectinidae by Hess (1955); to Astropectininae by Spencer and Wright (1966); and to Paxillosida by Sepkoski (2002).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1874	Coulonia de Loriol p. 13
1955	Cuneaster Hess
1966	Cuneaster Spencer and Wright p. U45
1998	Betelgeusia Blake and Reid
2002	Betelgeusia Sepkoski
2002	Cuneaster Sepkoski
2005	Betelgeusia Blake and Jagt p. 187
2010	Coulonia Villier p. 704
2011	Betelgeusia Blake and Reboul p. 1026
2011	Betelgeusia Gale p. 57
2018	Betelgeusia Blake et al. p. 199
2020	Coulonia Ewin and Gale pp. 932-934
2020	Coulonia Gale p. 310

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
—	Ambulacraria
phylum	Echinodermata
subphylum	Eleutherozoa
—	Asterozoa	()

Rank	Name	Author
class	Asteroidea
subclass	Ambuloasteroidea
infraclass	Neoasteroidea	()
superorder	Valvatacea
order	Paxillosida
family	Astropectinidae
genus	Coulonia

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Coulonia de Loriol 1874

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†Coulonia caseyi Gale 2020

†Coulonia colei Forbes 1852

†Coulonia neocomiensis de Loriol 1874

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Invalid names: Cuneaster hauteriviensis Hess 1955 [synonym]

†Coulonia parva Neumann and Hess 2001

†Coulonia platispina Hess and Blake 1995

†Coulonia platyspina Hess and Blake 1995

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Invalid names: Betelgeusia orientalis Blake and Reboul 2011 [synonym]

Invalid names: Betelgeusia Blake and Reid 1998 [synonym], Cuneaster Hess 1955 [objective synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
D. B. Blake and R. Reid 1998 (Betelgeusia)	Radiasterid with relatively large, transversely elongate marginals; distal marginals particularly suggestive of those of Astropecten. Inferomarginals with well-developed lateral spine fringe. Actinals with elongate, slender, conical spines. Adambulacral furrow spines about 5; many elongate, slender spines on actinal surface. Madreporite large, near disk center, not partially covered by paxillae.
T.A.M. Ewin and A.S. Gale 2020	Astropectinids with relatively short arms; actinal interareas very broad, interradial margin evenly curved. Marginals short and very broad (ratio of 3.5:1), tapering gently towards the lateral margin with very deep intermarginal fasciolar grooves. Inferomarginals bear coarse, irregularly sized spine pits arranged transversely, and have a short abactinal surfaces. Superomarginals 30% narrower than inferomarginals, wedging laterally, external face flat, bearing evenly distributed pits for short, blunt spines.
A.S. Gale 2020	Astropectinids which possess broad interradii and relatively short arms; marginal frame broad, made up of short, broad inferomarginals which taper gently towards lateral margins and slightly narrower superomarginals; deep fascioles run abactinally-actinally between each supero-inferomarginal pair, extending over nearly half breadth of marginals.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

high Mg calcitef

Ontogeny:

accretion, addition of partsp

Grouping:

solitaryf

Environment:

marinef

Locomotion:

slow-movingf

Life habit:

semi-infaunalf

Diet:

carnivoref

Vision:

limitedc

Reproduction:

oviparousf

Dispersal:

waterf

Dispersal 2:

planktonicf

Created:

2007-10-02 03:56:56

Modified:

2009-10-10 10:31:00

Source: f = family, c = class, p = phylum

References: Aberhan 1992, Blake 1990, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Hauterivian to the top of the Early/Lower Maastrichtian or 136.40000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (19 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Hauterivian	136.4 - 130.0	France	C. neocomiensis (59653)
Late/Upper Hauterivian	136.4 - 130.0	Switzerland (Neuchatel)	C. neocomiensis (31986)
Late/Upper Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	France (Drôme)	C. neocomiensis (177726) C. sp. (75576)
Barremian	129.4 - 125.0	Morocco (Marrakech)	C. platyspina (126611)
Barremian	129.4 - 125.0	Morocco	Betelgeusia orientalis (124947)
Late/Upper Albian	105.3 - 99.6	USA (Texas)	Betelgeusia reidi (59873 59875 59876 59878)
Early/Lower Cenomanian	99.6 - 93.5	United Kingdom	C. sp. (59681 59682)
Early/Lower Cenomanian	99.6 - 93.5	USA (Texas)	Betelgeusia reidi (59881 59883)
Late/Upper Santonian	85.8 - 83.5	Spain	C. parva (59762)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.5 - 70.6	Belgium (Liege)	C. sp. (32147 32150)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)	C. sp. (32022)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Danian	70.6 - 61.6	Netherlands	Astropectinidae indet. (32160)