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Toretocnemus
Taxonomy
Toretocnemus was named by Merriam (1903) [Sepkoski's age data: Tr u]. Its type is Toretocnemus californicus. It was considered monophyletic by Motani (1999).
It was assigned to Shastasaurinae by Merriam (1908) and Hay (1930); to Californosauridae by von Huene (1951); to Shastasauridae by Carroll (1988); to Euichthyosauria by Motani (1999); to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002); and to Toretocnemidae by Maisch and Matzke (2000), McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch (2010) and Ji et al. (2016).
It was assigned to Shastasaurinae by Merriam (1908) and Hay (1930); to Californosauridae by von Huene (1951); to Shastasauridae by Carroll (1988); to Euichthyosauria by Motani (1999); to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002); and to Toretocnemidae by Maisch and Matzke (2000), McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch (2010) and Ji et al. (2016).
Species
T. californicus (type species), T. zitteli (syn. Merriamia zitteli)
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1903 | Leptocheirus Merriam p. 253 |
| 1903 | Toretocnemus Merriam pp. 259 - 260 |
| 1904 | Merriamia Boulanger |
| 1908 | Merriamia Merriam p. 88 |
| 1908 | Toretocnemus Merriam p. 88 |
| 1930 | Merriamia Hay p. 125 |
| 1930 | Toretocnemus Hay p. 125 |
| 1951 | Merriamia von Huene p. 90 |
| 1951 | Toretocnemus von Huene p. 90 |
| 1988 | Merriamia Carroll |
| 1988 | Toretocnemus Carroll |
| 1999 | Toretocnemus Motani fig. 1 |
| 2000 | Toretocnemus Maisch and Matzke pp. 63, 96 |
| 2002 | Merriamia Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Toretocnemus Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Toretocnemus McGowan and Motani |
| 2010 | Toretocnemus Maisch |
| 2016 | Toretocnemus Ji et al. p. 11 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Toretocnemus Merriam 1903
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†Toretocnemus californicus Merriam 1903
Invalid names: Leptocheirus Merriam 1903 [replaced], Merriamia Boulanger 1904 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| M. W. Maisch and A. T. Matzke 2000 | "Small ichthyosaur, probably less than 2 m in entire length, skull with large orbit, jugal slender, angular small, forefin with three primary digits, humerus slender with incipient trochanter dorsalis, notches in leading and trailing edges of digits in fore- and hindfin, hindfin not much smaller than forefin, femur with very slender shaft, much expanded distally, fibula not posterodistally inclined, thoracal vertebrae, as far as known, with double rib articulations, neural spines and haemapophyses of tail very long and slender." | |
| C. Ji et al. 2016 | Tridactyl forefin and hind fin; pubis and ischium meet medially in well-defined symphysis. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2004 | |||||