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Rhineura (worm lizard)
Taxonomy
Rhineura was named by Cope (1861). It is extant. Its type is Lepidosternum floridana.
It was assigned to Leposternidae by Hay (1930); to Amphisbaenidae by Cope (1875), Hay (1902), Gilmore (1938), Galbreath (1953); to Rhineurinae by Hecht (1959); to Rhineuridae by Longrich et al. (2015); and to Rhineuridae by Yatkola (1976), Estes (1983), Carroll (1988), Frank and Ramus (1996), Maddox and Wall (1998), Kearney (2003), Smith (2006), Jiménez-Hidalgo et al. (2015).
It was assigned to Leposternidae by Hay (1930); to Amphisbaenidae by Cope (1875), Hay (1902), Gilmore (1938), Galbreath (1953); to Rhineurinae by Hecht (1959); to Rhineuridae by Longrich et al. (2015); and to Rhineuridae by Yatkola (1976), Estes (1983), Carroll (1988), Frank and Ramus (1996), Maddox and Wall (1998), Kearney (2003), Smith (2006), Jiménez-Hidalgo et al. (2015).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1861 | Rhineura Cope |
| 1875 | Rhineura Cope p. 44 |
| 1902 | Rhineura Hay p. 476 |
| 1930 | Rhineura Hay p. 250 |
| 1938 | Rhineura Gilmore p. 11 |
| 1951 | Gilmoreia Taylor |
| 1951 | Pseudorhineura Vanzolini |
| 1953 | Rhineura Galbreath p. 39 |
| 1959 | Rhineura Hecht p. 137 |
| 1976 | Rhineura Yatkola p. 646 |
| 1983 | Pseudorhineura Estes |
| 1983 | Rhineura Estes |
| 1988 | Pseudorhineura Carroll |
| 1988 | Rhineura Carroll |
| 1996 | Rhineura Frank and Ramus |
| 1998 | Rhineura Maddox and Wall p. 6 |
| 2003 | Rhineura Kearney |
| 2006 | Rhineura Smith p. 5 |
| 2015 | Rhineura Jiménez-Hidalgo et al. |
| 2015 | Rhineura Longrich et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Rhineura Cope 1861 [worm lizard]
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Rhineura floridana Baird 1858 [North American worm lizard]
†Rhineura hatcherii Baur 1893
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Invalid names: Rhineura amblyceps Taylor 1951 [synonym], Rhineura attenuatus Taylor 1951 [synonym], Rhineura coloradoensis Cope 1873 [synonym], Rhineura hibbardi Taylor 1951 [synonym], Rhineura minutus Gilmore 1938 [synonym], Rhineura sternbergii Walker 1932 [synonym], Rhineura wilsoni Taylor 1951 [synonym]
†Rhineura marslandensis Yatkola 1976
†Rhineura sepultura Holman 1979
Invalid names: Gilmoreia Taylor 1951 [synonym], Pseudorhineura Vanzolini 1951 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| P. E. Vanzolini 1951 (Pseudorhineura) | "Similar to the fossil forms of Rhineura, but with much more elongate nasals and with the fenestra ovals displaced far backwards" (p. 116) |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: infrao = infraorder, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988, Pianka and Vitt 2003 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Bridgerian to the top of the Rancholabrean or 51.10000 to 0.01400 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 45.9 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 45.9 Ma
Collections (20 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Rhineura sp. (16244 16432) | |
| Bartonian - Rupelian | Mexico (Oaxaca) | Rhineura sp. (166797) | |
| Chadronian | USA (Colorado) | Rhineura coloradoensis (16977) | |
| Chadronian | USA (North Dakota) | Rhineura sp. (16991) | |
| Orellan | USA (Wyoming) | Rhineura minutus, Rhineura sternbergii, Gilmoreia attenuatus (125185) | |
| Orellan | USA (Colorado) | Rhineura amblyceps, Rhineura wilsoni (17081) Rhineura hatcheri (180723) Rhineura hibbardi, Rhineura amblyceps, Rhineura wilsoni (180696) | |
| Orellan | USA (Nebraska) | Rhineura hatcherii (17059 179967) | |
| Orellan | USA (South Dakota) | Rhineura hatcherii (17067 179966) Rhineura sp. (17094) | |
| Early/Lower Hemingfordian | USA (Nebraska) | Rhineura marslandensis (17881 17963) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (South Dakota) | Rhineura sepultura (17878) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Rhineura sp. (18284) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Rhineura floridana (20491) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Rhineura floridana (20650) |