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Schizaster

Echinoidea - Spatangoida - Schizasteridae

Taxonomy
Schizaster was named by Agassiz (1835) [Sepkoski's age data: T Than R Sepkoski's reference number: 577]. It is extant. Its type is Schizaster studeri.

It was assigned to Echinidae by Holmes (1860); to Scutellidae by Turner (1938); to Hemiasteridae by Grant and Hertlein (1938) and Cooke (1942); to Spatangidae by Clark and Twitchell (1915), Kew (1920) and Camacho (1957); to Echinoidea by Durham (1961); to Schizasteridae by Jackson (1937), Fischer (1966), Henderson (1975), McNamara and Philip (1980), Kier (1984), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Ragaini (1994), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1999) and Squires (1999); and to Spatangoida by Sepkoski (2002).

Species
S. (Dipneustes), S. (Ova), S. (Paraster) (syn. Prymnaster, Rotundaster), S. (Schizaster), S. alcaldei, S. americana, S. bathypetalus (syn. S. gigas, S. pentagonalis), S. beckeri, S. brachypetalus, S. californicus, S. camagueyensis, S. cartagensis, S. cojimarensis, S. compactus, S. cordiformis, S. costaricensis, S. cristatus, S. cubensis, S. cubitabellae, S. deletus, S. delgadoi, S. diabloensis, S. doederleini, S. dumblei, S. egozcuei, S. fernandezi, S. floridanus, S. formelli, S. gerthi (syn. Paraster clarki), S. habanensis, S. lecontei, S. llagunoi, S. martinezensis, S. moronensis, S. munozi (syn. S. riveroi, Paraster tschopi, S. guirensis, Paraster orientalis), S. neuvitasensis, S. panamensis, S. pastelilloensis, S. rimosus, S. rojasi, S. salutis, S. sanctamariae, S. sandiegensis, S. santanae, S. schlosseri, S. sierrai, S. sphenoides, S. stalderi, S. studeri (type species), S. subcylindricus
Species lacking formal opinion data
S. ameghinoi, S. batheri, S. gaudryi, S. major, S. symmetricus

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1835Schizaster Agassiz
1860Schizaster Holmes p. 5
1883Brachybrissus Pomel
1907Aplospatangus Lambert p. 225
1915Schizaster Clark and Twitchell p. 151
1920Schizaster Kew p. 148
1934Paraster pastelilloensis Weisbord
1937Schizaster Jackson p. 234
1938Schizaster Grant and Hertlein p. 119
1938Schizaster Turner p. 41
1942Schizaster Cooke p. 39
1949Paraster sandiegensis Sanchez Roig
1949Schizaster alcaldei Sanchez Roig
1949Schizaster cojimarensis Sanchez Roig
1949Schizaster habanensis Sanchez Roig
1951Paraster sierrai Sanchez Roig
1951Schizaster moronensis Sanchez Roig
1952Schizaster (Aplospatangus) Sanchez Roig
1957Schizaster Camacho
1961Schizaster Durham p. 483
1966Schizaster Fischer p. U569
1975Schizaster Henderson p. 13
1980Schizaster McNamara and Philip p. 49
1984Schizaster Kier p. 35
1984Schizaster Squires p. 56
1987Schizaster Squires p. 72
1992Schizaster Squires and Demetrion p. 45
1994Schizaster Ragaini p. 289
1999Schizaster Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 56
1999Schizaster Squires p. 29
2002Schizaster Sepkoski

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
—Echinozoa()
classEchinoidea()
RankNameAuthor
subclassEuechinoideaBronn 1860
superorderAcroechinoidea()
—Carinacea
—Irregularia()
—Atelostomata
orderSpatangoida
suborderPaleopneustina
familySchizasteridae()
genusSchizasterAgassiz 1835

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Schizaster Agassiz 1835
show all | hide all
Subg. †Schizaster (Dipneustes) Arnaud 1891
+
†Schizaster (Dipneustes) fosteri McNamara and Philip 1980
Subg. Schizaster (Ova) Gray 1825
Subg. Schizaster (Paraster) Pomel 1869
+
†Paraster armiger Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Paraster delgadoi Sanchez-Roig 1953
†Paraster eustatii Engel 1961
†Paraster joannisboehmi Parma and Casadío 2005
†Paraster pinarensis Sanchez-Roig 1953
†Schizaster (Paraster) carinatus McNamara and Philip 1980
†Schizaster (Paraster) delorenzoi Checchia-Rispoli 1950
†Schizaster (Paraster) rougeriei Tessier and Roman 1973
†Schizaster (Paraster) tatei McNamara and Philip 1980
Invalid names: Prymnaster Koehler 1914 [synonym], Rotundaster Lambert and Thiery 1925 [synonym]
Subg. Schizaster (Schizaster) Agassiz 1836
+
†Schizaster (Schizaster) halli McNamara and Philip 1980
†Schizaster americana Clark and Twitchell 1915
+
Invalid names: Schizaster gigas Sanchez Roig 1953 [synonym], Schizaster pentagonalis Sanchez Roig 1953 [synonym]
†Schizaster beckeri Cooke 1942
†Schizaster californicus Weaver 1908
†Schizaster camagueyensis Weisbord 1934
†Schizaster cartagensis Sanchez Roig 1949
†Schizaster compactus Koehler 1914
†Schizaster costaricensis Durham 1961
†Schizaster cristatus Jackson 1917
†Schizaster cubensis d'Orbigny 1842
†Schizaster cubitabellae Weisbord 1934
†Schizaster deletus Wilckens 1907
†Schizaster delgadoi Sanchez Roig 1953
†Schizaster dumblei Israelsky 1924
†Schizaster egozcuei Lambert 1922
†Schizaster fernandezi Sanchez Roig 1952
†Schizaster floridanus Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Schizaster formelli Kier 1984
†Schizaster gerthi Pijpers 1933
+
Invalid names: Paraster clarki Sanchez Roig 1949 [synonym]
†Schizaster lecontei Merriam 1899
†Schizaster llagunoi Lambert and Sanchez Roig 1949
†Schizaster munozi Sanchez Roig 1949
+
Invalid names: Paraster orientalis Sanchez Roig 1949 [synonym], Paraster tschopi Palmer 1949 [synonym], Schizaster guirensis Sanchez Roig 1949 [synonym], Schizaster riveroi Sanchez Roig 1952 [synonym]
†Schizaster neuvitasensis Weisbord 1934
†Schizaster panamensis Jackson 1917
†Schizaster rimosus Desor 1847
†Schizaster rojasi Sanchez Roig 1952
†Schizaster salutis Sanchez Roig 1949
†Schizaster sanctamariae Sanchez Roig 1949
†Schizaster santanae Sanchez Roig 1949
†Schizaster schlosseri Traub 1938
†Schizaster sphenoides Hall 1907
†Schizaster stalderi Weaver 1908
Schizaster studeri Agassiz 1836
†Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau 1875
Invalid names: Aplospatangus Lambert 1907 [synonym], Brachybrissus Pomel 1883 [synonym], Schizaster alcaldei Sanchez Roig 1949 [nomen nudum], Schizaster cojimarensis Sanchez Roig 1949 [nomen nudum], Schizaster habanensis Sanchez Roig 1949 [nomen nudum], Schizaster moronensis Sanchez Roig 1951 [nomen dubium], Schizaster pastelilloensis Weisbord 1934 [nomen dubium], Schizaster sandiegensis Sanchez Roig 1949 [nomen dubium], Schizaster sierrai Sanchez Roig 1951 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calciteo
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marineo
Locomotion: slow-movingo
Life habit: shallow infaunalo
Diet: deposit feedero
Diet 2: detritivoreo
Vision: limitedc
Dispersal: watero
Dispersal 2: planktonico
Created: 2004-02-28 12:18:10
Modified: 2009-10-08 16:32:56
Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan 1992, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 72.10000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (172 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0Argentina (San Luis) S. deletus (235482)
Maastrichtian72.1 - 66.0Argentina (La Pampa) Paraster joannisboehmi (5169)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Argentina (Rio Negro) S. sp., Paraster joannisboehmi (5162)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Argentina (Chubut) Paraster joannisboehmi (48063)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Argentina (La Pampa) S. sp., Paraster joannisboehmi (5160)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0USA (California) S. lecontei (190773 190786 190797 190800)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) S. sp. (210723)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0Austria (Salzburg) S. sp., S. schlosseri (84335)
Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene61.7 - 55.8Australia (Western Australia) S. carinatus (204581)
Thanetian59.2 - 56.0USA (California) S. lecontei (52612) S. martinezensis (90072)
Late/Upper Paleocene - Early/Lower Eocene58.7 - 48.6USA (California) S. martinezensis (237468)
Casamayoran56.0 - 48.0Argentina (Santa Cruz) S. ameghinoi (50067)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8USA (California) S. cordiformis (52421) S. diabloensis (52419) S. lecontei (122337)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8USA (Oregon) S. diabloensis (52272)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Mexico (Baja California) S. sp. (5499 5502 5506)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Mexico (Baja California Sur) S. sp. (5496 5507)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Iran S. rimosus (226731)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8USA (Virginia) S. sp. (91123)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Egypt S. sp. (41902)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Cote D'Ivoire S. rougeriei (209344)