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Foraminifera (foram)

Taxonomy
Foraminifera was named by Eichwald (1830). It is extant.

It was reranked as the class Foraminifera by Owen (1859); it was reranked as the order Foraminiferida by Loeblich and Tappan (1961), Bertels (1970), Al Menoufy and Shreif (2021); it was reranked as the order Foraminiferida by Squires (1984), Longoria and VonFeldt (1991); it was reranked as the class Foraminiferida by Carignano (2012); it was misspelled as Foraminiferida by Pessagno (1967), Sepkoski (2002), Adl et al. (2005), Moreira et al. (2007); it was reranked as the phylum Foraminifera by Ishitani et al. (2011), Missotti (2022).

It was assigned to Protozoa by Owen (1859); to Granuloreticulosea by Pessagno (1967); to Granuloreticulosia by Loeblich and Tappan (1961), Bertels (1970), Squires (1984), Longoria and VonFeldt (1991); to Rhizopodea by Sepkoski (2002); to Rhizaria by Adl et al. (2005), Moreira et al. (2007); to Retaria by Ishitani et al. (2011); to Granuloreticulosa by Carignano (2012); to Rhizopoda by Al Menoufy and Shreif (2021); and to Rhizaria by Missotti (2022).

Subtaxa
Abathomphalus, Abdullaevia, Abrardia, Acostina, Actinosiphon, Adercotryma, Adhaerentia, Adraheutina, Aeolostreptis, Afrobolivina, Agerina, Akiyoshiella, Aktinorbitoides, Alabaminoides, Aleomorphella, Alfredina, Alliatina, Alliatinella, Allogromiina, Almaena, Alpillina, Altasterella, Altistoma, Alveocyclammina, Alveolinellidae, Alveolophragmium, Alveovalvulina, Alzonella, Ambitropus, Amijiella, Ammobaculoides, Ammocycloculina, Ammoglobigerina, Ammospirata, Ammotrochoides, Amphoratheca, Amplectoproductina, Anaticinella, Anchispirocyclina, Andamookia, Andersenia, Andersenolina, Andrejella, Angotia, Angulogavelinella, Annulina, Annulocibicides, Annulofrondicularia, Antalyna, Apertauroria, Aragonella, Arakaevella, Archaecyclus, Archaeglobigerina, Archaelagena, Archaeochintinia, Archaeosepta, Arenagula, Arenogaudryina, Arenonionella, Arenoparrella, Aristospira, Asanoina, Ascoliella, Asselodiscus, Asterigerinella, Asterigerinoides, Asterigina, Asteroammonia, Asterohedbergella, Asterolepidina, Asterophragmina, Asterorbis, Astrorotalia, Asymmetrina, Ataxoorbignyna, Atwillina, Audienusina, Auroria, Austrocolomi, Avesnella, Babelispirillina, Baculogypsinoides, Baelenia, Baggatella, Bagginoides, Baituganella, Balkhania, Bandyella, Banffella, Bannerella, Barbourinella, Barkerina, Barnardina, Berggrenia, Bermudezella, Bermudezina, Bermudezinella, Berthelinella, Berthelinopsis, Biapertorbis, Biarritzina, Biasterigerina, Bibradya, Bifarilaminella, Bifarinella, Biglobigerinella, Bilingulogavelinella, Biloculina, Bimonilina, Biokovina, Biokovinacea, Biorbis, Biparietata, Biplanata, Biplanispira, Biseriammina, Bitaxia, Biticinella, Bituberitina, Bitubulogenerina, Blastulospongia, Blefuscuiana, Blowiella, Bogushella, Boldia, Bolkarina, Boltovskoyella, Boreloides, Borodinia, Bosniella, Bozorginiella, Bramkampella, Brenckleina, Broeckinella, Bronnimannia, Brunsiella, Bucella, Bucherina, Budashevaella, Bueningia, Bulbophragmium, Buliminellita, Buliminoidea, Burseolina, Calveziconus, Camagueyia, Camerinidae, Campanellula, Cancrisiella, Candorbulina, Carinoconus, Caspiella, Cassidelina, Cassidella, Cassidulinella, Cassidulinita, Caudriella, Ceratobuliminacea, Ceratolamarckina, Cerobertina, Cerobertinella, Chablaisia, Chalilovella, Chapmanina, Chenella, Chenia, Chernobaculites, Chernyshinella, Chernyshinellina, Chiloguembelitria, Chilostomellidae, Chilostomina, Chitralina, Chomatomediocris, Chrysothurammina, Cibicorbis, Cincoriola, Ciperozea, Citharinella, Civrieuxia, Claudostriatella, Clavelloides, Clavigerinella, Claviticinella, Clavulinopsis, Clypeorbis, Cocoarota, Coleiconus, Coleites, Colomia, Colomita, Compressigerina, Concavatotruncana, Concavella, Condonofusiella, Condrustella, Conicorbitolina, Conilites, Conoglobigerina, Conorbina, Conorbinella, Conorbitoides, Contusotruncana, Coprolithina, Cordatella, Corrigotubella, Corrosina, Corrugatella, Coskinolinella, Coskinolinoides, Coskinon, Costayella, Costellagerina, Coxites, Crenaverneuilina, Crespinella, Crespinina, Cribellopsis, Cribranopsis, Cribroaperturata, Cribrogloborotalia, Cribrohantkenina, Cribrohemisphaeroides, Cribrolenticulina, Cribroparrella, Cribropleurostomella, Cribropullenia, Cribrorobulina, Cribrorotalia, Cribroturretoides, Cristellaria, Cristellariopsis, Ctenorbitoides, Cubanina, Cuburbita, Cuneolinella, Cuneus, Cursina, Cyclindroclavulina, Cyclogyra, Cyclolina, Cyclopsinella, Cyclorbitopsella, Cylindroclavulina, Cylindrocolaniella, Cylindrotrocholina, Dagmarella, Dainella, Dainita, Dainitella, Dariellina, Dariopsidae, Darjella, Daucina, Daviesiconus, Deckerellina, Demirina, Dhrumella, Dictyoconella, Dictyopselloides, Dictyorbitolina, Digitina, Discoramulina, Discorbitina, Discospira, Dizerina, Dobrogelina, Dohaia, Drepaniota, Drevennia, Droogerinella, Dukhania, Duplella, Dutkevichella, Dyfrondicularia, Dymia, Earlandinella, Eblanaia, Echinoporina, Eclusia, Econgella, Edhemia, Edithaella, Eggerina, Elenella, Elergella, Elhasaella, Ellipsocristellaria, Ellipsodimorphina, Ellipsopolymorphina, Elphidioides, Enantiomorphina, Endochernella, Endospiroplectammina, Endotebanella, Endotriada, Endotriadella, Eoammosphaeroides, Eoannularia, Eoclavatorella, Eoconuloides, Eoendothyra, Eoeponidella, Eofabiania, Eoforschia, Eohastigerinella, Eolagena, Eolasiodiscus, Eomarssonella, Eonodosaria, Eopalorbitolina, Eoquasiendothyra, Eorupertia, Eosigmoilina, Eostaffeloides, Eotournayella, Eovolutina, Eowedekindellina, Epiannularia, Epistominita, Epistominitella, Epistominoides, Epithemella, Eponidella, Escornebovina, Eulinderina, Eurycheilostoma, Euuvigerina, Euxinita, Evlania, Evolutononion, Exagonocyclina, Exsculptina, Eygalierina, Fabiania, Fallotella, Falsocibicides, Falsoplanulina, Falsurgonina, Favolagena, Favulina, Felsinella, Ferayina, Feurtillia, Fijnonion, Finlayina, Fissoelphidium, Flabellamminopsis, Flabellinella, Fleuryana, Florennella, Flourensina, Foliotortus, Fontbotia, Forschia, Forschiella, Francesita, Frondiculinata, Frondilina, Frondovaginulina, Fusilinida, Fusulinina, Gabonita, Galliherina, Gallitellia, Ganella, Garantella, Gaudryinella, Gaudryinoides, Gaudryinopsis, Gavellinella, Geinitzinoidea, Geintzina, Gemellides, Geminospira, Gigasbia, Glandulinoides, Glandulopleurostomella, Globicuniculus, Globigerapsis, Globigerinaceae, Globigerinina, Globigerinoidea, Globigerinoita, Globigerinopsis, Globigerinopsoides, Globimorphina, Globispiroplectammina, Globispiroplectamminha, Globochernella, Globofissurella, Globorosalina, Globorotaliacea, Globospirillina, Globotetrataxis, Globothalamea, Globotruncanida, Globuligerina, Globulospinella, Glomospiranella, Glomospiroides, Glomotrocholina, Glubokoevella, Glyphostomella, Goesella, Gorbachikella, Gorisella, Goupillaudina, Graecodiscus, Granuliferelloides, Gravellina, Grillita, Grimsdaleinella, Gubkinella, Guembelitriidae, Guembelitrioidea, Gunteria, Guppyella, Gutnicella, Gypsinidae, Gyroconulina, Gyrodina, Gyroidinella, Gyrovalvulina, Haerella, Hagenowella, Hagenowina, Haghimashella, Haimasiella, Halenia, Hanostaffella, Hansenisca, Hantkeninidae, Haoella, Haplophragmella, Haplophragmiina, Haplophragmina, Haplostiche, Hastigerinopsis, Helicolepidina, Helicorbitoides, Helicostegina, Helicosteginopsis, Hellenocyclina, Helvetoglobatruncana, Hemicyclammina, Hemifusulina, Hemifusulinella, Hemirobulina, Hemithurammina, Hemlebenia, Hensonia, Hensonina, Hergottella, Heterantyx, Heterocoskinolina, Heteromorphina, Hidaella, Hidina, Hiltermannella, Hirsutospirella, Histopomphus, Historbitoides, Hofkerina, Hofkeruva, Holkeria, Hollandina, Holmanella, Homalohedra, Hopkinsinella, Hottingerella, Hottingerita, Howchinella, Hyderia, Igorina, Ilerdorbis, Illigata, Inflatobolivinella, Inordinatosphaera, Insolentitheca, Involutinina, Involvina, Iowanella, Iraqia, Irenita, Ismailia, Iuliusina, Ivanovella, Ivdelina, Jadammina, Janischewskina, Jarvisella, Jurella, Kangvarella, Kaptarenkoella, Karaisella, Karrerotextularia, Kasachstanodiscus, Kettnerammina, Kilianina, Klubonibelia, Klubovella, Kollmannita, Korobkovella, Koskinobigenerina, Koskinotextularia, Krikoumbilica, Kunklerina, Kwantoella, Kyphopyxa, Labalina, Labiostoma, Labyrinthidoma, Lacosteina, Laculatina, Ladoronia, Laeterohelix, Laeviheterohelix, Lagenida, Lagenina, Lagenodosaria, Lamarckella, Laminononion, Langenosolenia, Lasiotrochus, Laterostomella, Latibolivina, Latiendothyra, Latiendothyranopsis, Laxoendothyra, Laxoseptabrunsiina, Lepidosemicyclina, Lernella, Leupoldina, Lilliputianella, Linaresia, Lingulinopsis, Lipinellina, Lippsina, Lituolida, Lituolipora, Lituonelloides, Lituotubella, Loisthostomata, Louisettita, Loxostomatacea, Loxostomoides, Lugtonia, Lunatriella, Lycophris, Lysella, Magnesoina, Maichelina, Makarskiana, Mandjina, Manorella, Marginara, Marieita, Martiguesia, Maslinella, Matanzia, Mccloudia, Mediopsis, Medipsia, Medocia, Megastomella, Meidamonella, Melathrokerion, Melatolla, Merlingina, Metapolymorphina, Mikhailovella, Miliammellus, Miliospirella, Miniuva, Minouxia, Minyaichme, Miogypsinita, Miogypsinoides, Miolepidocyclina, Mirifica, Mironovella, Monothalamea, Monspeliensina, Montcharmontia, Montfortella, Montsechiana, Mooreinella, Moravammina, Mstinia, Mstiniella, Narayania, Naupliella, Navarella, Neoacarinina, Neoarchaesphaera, Neobrunsiina, Neocarpenteria, Neoclavulina, Neocribrella, Neodiscocyclina, Neodiscus, Neofusulina, Neogyroidina, Neoiraqia, Neokilianina, Neomisellina, Neoparadainella, Neoplanorbulinella, Neorbitolinopsis, Neoschubertella, Neouvigenna, Neusinidae, Nevillella, Ninella, Nodobolivinella, Nodochernyshinella, Nodophtalmidium, Nodosarchaediscus, Nodosariata, Nonionelleta, Norcottia, Notoconorbina, Novalesia, Novella, Nudarchaediscus, Nummodiscorbis, Nuttallus, Obandyella, Oberhauserella, Obliquina, Oketaella, Olssonina, Oolitella, Opertum, Ophtalmiidae, Ophthalmidium, Orbiculina, Orbignyna, Orbitammina, Orbitoclypeus, Orbitocyclina, Orbitokathina, Orbitolinella, Orbulinoides, Orcadia, Orientina, Orietalia, Orithostella, Ornatanomalina, Orthokarstenia, Ozourina, Pachythurammina, Pacinonion, Palachemonella, Palaeobigenerina, Palaeodictyoconus, Palaeonubecularia, Palaeoreichelina, Palaeostaffella, Paleodictyoconus, Paleogaudryina, Paleolituonella, Paleomiogypsina, Paleopatellina, Paleopolymorphina, Pallaimorphina, Palmerinella, Palorbitolinoides, Pannellaina, Paracaligella, Paracoskinolina, Paracyclammina, Paradagmarita, Paradainella, Paradunbarula, Paraendothyra, Parafusulinella, Paragaudryina, Paraglobivalvulinoides, Parananlingella, Paraplectogyra, Parastegnammina, Paratextularia, Parathuramminites, Paratriasina, Paravulvulina, Parkeria, Paromalina, Parphia, Parurgonina, Patellina, Paulbronnimannella, Paulina, Pavonitina, Pavopsammia, Pealerina, Pegidia, Pellatispirella, Penoperculoides, Pentellina, Percultazonaria, Pernerina, Petchorina, Pfenderella, Pfendericonus, Piallina, Picounina, Pijpersia, Pinaria, Pityusina, Plagiostomella, Planisepta, Planispirillina, Planolinderina, Planomalina, Planopulivinulina, Planorotalites, Planulinoides, Plecanium, Plectinella, Plectogyranopsis, Plectomillerella, Plectotrochammina, Pleuroskelidion, Pleurostomelloides, Plummerita, Pohlia, Polymorphinella, Polyperibola, Polytaxis, Popovia, Porosorotalia, Portatrochammina, Porticulasphaera, Postrugoglobigerina, Praechrysalidina, Praecystammina, Praedictyorbitolina, Praehedbergella, Praekaraisella, Praeparafusulina, Praepeneroplis, Praereticulinella, Praestorrsella, Pravoslavlevia, Prismatomorpha, Pristinosceptrella, Proninella, Prosphaeroidinella, Protentella, Protoelphidium, Protoglobobulimina, Protopeneroplis, Proxifrons, Pseudobradyina, Pseudobulimina, Pseudobulminella, Pseudocassidulinoides, Pseudochernyshinella, Pseudochoffatella, Pseudochrysalidina, Pseudocibicides, Pseudocylammina, Pseudoepistominella, Pseudogaudryina, Pseudogaudryinella, Pseudogavelinella, Pseudogloboquadrina, Pseudogloborotalia, Pseudohastigerina, Pseudohelenina, Pseudolamarckina, Pseudolepidina, Pseudolituonella, Pseudomphalocyclus, Pseudonovella, Pseudonummoloculina, Pseudoolina, Pseudopalmula, Pseudoparrella (syn. Pulvinulinella), Pseudopatellinella, Pseudopatellinoides, Pseudopfenderina, Pseudoplanoendothyra, Pseudoplanoglobulina, Pseudoplanulinella, Pseudopolymorphinoides, Pseudorbitoides, Pseudorbitolina, Pseudoreophax, Pseudoruttenia, Pseudosaracenaria, Pseudosiphonella, Pseudosolenina, Pseudospirocyclina, Pseudotaxis, Pseudotribrachia, Pseudotriplasia, Pseudovidalina, Pseudowanganella, Pseudowedekindellina, Pseudowoodella, Ptychocladia, Pullenoides, Punctobolivinella, Pygmaeoseistron, Pylodexia, Pyramidina, Pyrenina, Pyrulinoides, Qataria, Quadratobuliminella, Quadrimorphinella, Quasibolivinella, Quasicyclammina, Quasiiregularina, Quasilituotuba, Quasirotalia, Quasispiroplectammina, Quasiverbeekina, Queraltina, Quydatella, Rabanitina, Radiocyclopeus, Radotruncana, Ramulinella, Rauserina, Rectoavesmella, Rectobulimina, Rectochernyshinella, Rectocibicides, Rectocyclammia, Rectocyclammina, Rectodictyoconus, Rectoelphidiella, Rectoendothyra, Rectoepistominoides, Rectoeponides, Rectomillerella, Rectoseptaglomospirane, Rectoseptatournayella, Rectotournayellina, Redmondina, Reedella, Reichelinella, Reissella, Reophacella, Reophacidae, Resigia, Reticulinella, Reticulopalmula, Reticulophragmium, Reusella, Rhabdorbitoides, Rhapidionina, Rhenothyra, Rhodanopeza, Rhodesinella, Rhodonascia, Rhombobolivinella, Rimalina, Riveroinella, Robustopachyphloia, Roglicia, Rotaliatinopsis, Rotalidium, Rotaliina, Rotalioidea, Rotamorphina, Ruakituria, Ruatoria, Rugobolivinella, Rugososchwagerina, Rupertiidae, Ryadhella, Sabellovoluta, Sabulina, Saccamminoides, Saccorhina, Sagoplecta, Saidovina, Sakesaria, Sakhiella, Salpingthurammina, Saltovskajina, Sanderella, Saracenella, Saraswati, Satorina, Scarificatina, Schackoina, Schackoinella, Scheibnerova, Schlosserina, Schlumbergerella, Schmidita, Scyphocodon, Semiendothyra, Semirosalina, Semitextularia, Semivalvulina, Septaforschia, Septatournayella, Septigerina, Serovaina, Sestronophora, Shastrina, Shouguania, Sieberina, Sigalitruncana, Silicinidae, Silicobathysiphon, Silvestriella, Simionescella, Simplorbites, Simplorbitolina, Siphogaudryina, Siphoglobulina, Sipholagena, Siphonides, Siphonoscutula, Siphovalvulina, Sitella, Sivasella, Smoutina, Sogdianina, Soriella, Sornayina, Spandelinoides, Spinobrunsiina, Spinochernella, Spinodiscorbis, Spinoendothyra, Spinolaxina, Spinothyra, Spinotournayella, Spiraloconulus, Spirillinina, Spirobolivina, Spirocyclina, Spirofrondicularia, Spirolingulina, Spiroplecta, Spiroplectamminacea, Spiroplectina, Spiropsammia, Spirotecta, Spirotrocholina, Sporobulimina, Sporobuliminella, Stedumia, Steinetella, Stenocyclina, Stetsonia, Stichocassidulina, Stichocibicides, Stomatorbina, Stomoloculina, Storrsella, Streptocyclammina, Striataella, Strigialifusus, Subbdelloidina, Sublamarckella, Suggrunda, Sulcorbitoides, Syzranella, Taitzehoella, Takayanagia, Talimuella, Talpinella, Tappanella, Tayamaia, Tenisonina, Tentifrons, Tentilenticulina, Tergrigorjanzaella, Testacarinata, Tetragonulina, Tetraminouxia, Tewoella, Textulariia, Textulariida, Textulariina, Textulariopsidae, Textulariopsis, Textulina, Thalmannammina, Thalmannita, Ticinella, Timanella, Timidonella, Tinophodella, Tiphotrocha, Tobolia, Tollmannia, Topalodiscorbis, Torinosuella, Torreina, Torremiroella, Torresina, Tortaguttus, Torulumbonina, Tosaia, Tournarchaediscus, Tournayella, Tournayellina, Trachelinella, Transversigerina, Tremachora, Triadodiscus, Tricarinella, Trichohyalus, Trinitella, Trispirina, Tritubulogenerina, Trochamminula, Trochospira, Trochospirillina, Trochulina, Trochylina, Tubeporella, Tubeporina, Tuberendothyra, Tubispirodiscus, Tubothalamea, Tubulogenerina, Turborotalitidae, Turcmeniella, Turkmenella, Turrispiroides, Unicosiphonia, Uralinella, Uralofusulinella, Urbanella, Urgonina, Uslonia, Uviella, Vacuovalvulina, Valdanchella, Valserina, Valvoreussella, Valvulammina, Valvuliana, Valvulinoides, Vanderbeekia, Vania, Vasicekia, Vasiglobulina, Vaughanina, Velapertina, Vellaena, Ventilabrella, Ventrostoma, Verispira, Vernonina, Verseyella, Vervilleina, Vialovella, Vialovia, Victoriella, Virguloides, Viseidiscus, Viseina, Vissariotaxis, Voloshinoides, Voloshinovella, Wadella, Waeringella, Warnantella, Washitella, Wheelerella, Wiesnerina, Wilfordia, Woodella, Xenostaffella, Yaucorotalia, Yneziella, Zarodella, Zelamarckina, Ziguiella, Zotheculifida