PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Xenophoridae (carrier shell)

Gastropoda - Xenophoridae

Taxonomy

Xenophoridae was named by Troschel (1852) [m. kosnik taxon no: 5467]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Taenioglossa by Martin (1904); to Prosobranchiata by Harris and Palmer (1947); to Strombacea by Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983); to Calyptraeacea by Squires (1984); to Mesogastropoda by Squires (1988); to Caenogastropoda by Wienrich (2001); to Stromboidea by Harzhauser (2007); and to Xenophoroidea by Ponder and Warén (1988), Beesley (1998), Todd (2001), Squires and Saul (2001), Harzhauser and Mandic (2001), Harzhauser (2004), Bouchet et al. (2005), Landau and Marques da Silva (2010), Bouchet et al. (2017).

Subtaxa

Acanthoxenophora, Austrophora, Endoptygma, Onustus (syn. Trochotugurium, Tugurium, Xenophora (Trochotugurium)), Stellaria (syn. Haliphoebus), Xenophora

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1852	Xenophoridae Troschel
1904	Xenophoridae Martin p. 251
1947	Xenophoridae Harris and Palmer p. 258
1983	Xenophoridae Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 101
1984	Xenophoridae Squires p. 21
1988	Xenophoridae Ponder and Warén p. 300
1988	Xenophoridae Squires p. 11
1998	Xenophoridae Beesley p. 776
2001	Xenophoridae Harzhauser and Mandic p. 699
2001	Xenophoridae Squires and Saul p. 52
2001	Xenophoridae Todd
2001	Xenophoridae Wienrich p. 420
2004	Xenophoridae Harzhauser p. 130
2005	Xenophoridae Bouchet et al. p. 253
2007	Xenophoridae Harzhauser p. 104
2010	Xenophoridae Landau and Marques da Silva p. 32
2017	Xenophoridae Bouchet et al. p. 348

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Gastropoda

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Caenogastropoda	(Cox 1959)
—	Sorbeoconcha	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—	Hypsogastropoda	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superorder	Latrogastropoda	Riedel 2000
superfamily	Xenophoroidea	Troschel 1852
family	Xenophoridae	Troschel 1852
family	Xenophoridae	Troschel 1852

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Xenophoridae Troschel 1852 [carrier shell]

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G. †Acanthoxenophora Perrilliat and Vega 2001

†Acanthoxenophora sinuosa Perrilliat and Vega 2001

G. Austrophora Kreipl et al. 1999

G. †Endoptygma Gabb 1876

†Endoptygma umbilicata Tourney 1854

†Xenophora (Endoptygma) hermax Squires and Saul 2001

†Xenophora (Endoptygma) leprosa Morton 1834

†Xenophora (Endoptygma) plicata Zekeli 1852

G. †Onustus Swainson 1840

Onustus borsoni Sismonda 1847

Onustus indicus Gmelin 1791

Stellaria (Onustus) exutus Reeve 1842

Invalid names: Trochotugurium Sacco 1896 [synonym], Tugurium Fischer 1880 [synonym], Xenophora (Trochotugurium) Sacco 1896 [synonym]

G. Stellaria Schmidt 1832

Stellaria chinensis Philippi 1841

†Stellaria kriegerbartholdi Nielsen and DeVries 2002

Stellaria solaris Linné 1764

†Stellaria subextensa d'Orbigny 1852

†Stellaria testigera Bronn 1831

Invalid names: Haliphoebus Kiener 1879 [synonym]

G. Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim 1807

Subg. Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim 1807

†Xenophora (Xenophora) mekranensis Newton 1905

Xenophora agglutinans Lamarck 1804

Xenophora calculifera Reeve 1842

†Xenophora carditigera Nielsen and DeVries 2002

Xenophora conchyliophora Born 1780

Invalid names: Xenophora laevigata Fischer von Waldheim 1807 [synonym]

Xenophora corrugata Reeve 1842

Xenophora crispa König 1825

†Xenophora cummulans Brongniart 1823

†Xenophora delecta Guppy 1876

†Xenophora deshayesi Michelotti 1847

†Xenophora eocenica Abbass 1967

†Xenophora floridana Mansfield 1930

†Xenophora hawleyi Loel and Corey 1932

†Xenophora humilis Conrad 1848

Xenophora konai Habe 1953

†Xenophora onusta Nilsson 1827

†Xenophora palaeoafra Gliozzi and Malatesta 1983

Xenophora pallidula Reeve 1842

†Xenophora paulinae Nielsen and DeVries 2002

Xenophora robusta Verrill 1870

†Xenophora rugata Abbass 1967

Xenophora senegalensis Fischer 1873

†Xenophora simiensis Nelson 1925

†Xenophora stocki Dickerson 1916

†Xenophora tatei Harris 1897

†Xenophora terpstrai Dey 1961

†Xenophora textilina Dall 1892

†Xenophora willisi Webster 1983

†Xenophora zitteli Weaver 1905

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitec

Locomotion:

actively mobilef

Life habit:

epifaunalf

Diet:

grazerf

Vision:

limitedc

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: Grazer on fine-grained substrates according to Todd (2001).f

Created:

2009-09-10 08:06:03

Modified:

2009-09-10 10:06:03

Source: f = family, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Aalenian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 174.70000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 170.9 Ma

Collections (516 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Aalenian	174.7 - 170.9	United Kingdom (Yorkshire)	Onustus pyramidatus (220494)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Germany	Haliphoebus sp. (66779)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Cameroon	Xenophora sp. (209694)
Middle Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	USA (New Mexico)	Xenophora simpsoni (88641)
Late/Upper Coniacian	89.8 - 85.7	USA (Montana)	Xenophora sp. (89500)
Late/Upper Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Austria	Xenophora plicata (177758)
Middle Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Germany	Acanthoxenophora sinuosa (196660)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Brazil (Pernambuco)	Xenophora vasconcellosi (179815) Xenophora vascondellosi (180661)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Jersey)	Xenophora leprosa (88610)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Delaware)	Xenophora sp. (6127 6135 6139)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Texas)	Xenophora sp. (7513)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Mississippi)	Xenophora leprosa (7456 7459 32139 32140)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (California)	Xenophora hermax (177879 177881)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	France (Landes)	Xenophora onusta (213792 213793 213794 213877 213884 214046)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Tennessee)	Xenophora leprosa (88357)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Poland	Xenophora onusta (28088)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Delaware)	Xenophora leprosa (6170 6171 6172 6175)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Jersey)	Xenophora leprosa (3883)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Xenophora leprosa (57916)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Mexico (Baja California)	Xenophora willisi (190523 190524 190525 190526 190527 190528 190533)