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Tunicata (tunicate)

Taxonomy
Tunicata was named by Lamarck (1816). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Brusca et al. (2016).

It was synonymized subjectively with Urochordata by Brusca et al. (2016).

It was assigned to Protetrapoda by Jaekel (1911); and to Chordata by Dineley and Metcalf (1999), Sepkoski (2002).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1816Tunicata Lamarck
1877Urochordata Lankester
1911Tunicata Jaekel p. 17
1999Tunicata Dineley and Metcalf p. 11
2002Tunicata Sepkoski
2011Urochordata Edgecombe et al. p. 153 figs. Fig. 1
2012Urochordata Nielsen p. 365
2016Urochordata Brusca et al.
2016Urochordata Nelson et al. p. 15

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
RankNameAuthor
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumTunicataLamarck 1816
subphylumTunicataLamarck 1816

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subph. Tunicata Lamarck 1816 [tunicate]
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Cl. Ascidiacea Nielsen 1995 [sea squirt]
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G. †Choanites Mantell 1822
Or. Enterogona Perrier 1898
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Fm. Didemnidae Milne Edwards 1841
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G. †Micrascidites Deflandre and Deflandre-Rigaud 1956
Or. †Khmeriamorpha Wendt 2018
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Fm. †Khmeriidae Montanaro Gallitelli 1954
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G. †Imilce Flügel 1975
G. †Khmeria Mansuy 1914
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†Khmeria minima Wendt 2018
†Khmeria problematica Mansuy 1914
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Invalid names: Khmeria pumila Tchudinova 1965 [synonym], Osium importans de Gregorio 1930 [synonym]
†Khmeria stolonifera Wendt 2018
Invalid names: Osium de Gregorio 1930 [synonym]
G. †Permosoma
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†Permosoma tuberculatum Greco 1935
†Permosoma tunicatum Jaekel 1918
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Invalid names: Sphaerospongia permotessellata Parona 1933 [synonym]
Invalid names: Echinosphaerites (Larites) gemmellaroi de Gregorio 1930 [nomen dubium], Larites de Gregorio 1930 [synonym]
G. †Zardinisoma Wendt 2018
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†Zardinisoma cassianum Wendt 2018
†Zardinisoma japonicum Wendt 2018
†Zardinisoma pyriforme Wendt 2018
Cl. Thaliacea Nielsen 1995
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Invalid names: Doliolida [empty], Pyrosomida [empty], Salpida [empty]
G. †Megasiphon Nanglu et al. 2023
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†Megasiphon thylakos Nanglu et al. 2023
Invalid names: Urochordata Lankester 1877 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Locomotion: stationarysubp
Attached: yessubp
Life habit: low-level epifaunalsubp
Diet: suspension feedersubp
Comments: ECOSPACE CODE: 331.subp
Created: 2007-12-11 06:22:34
Modified: 2009-10-12 01:26:13
Source: subp = subphylum
Reference: Kiessling 2003

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Atdabanian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 521.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 516.0 Ma

Collections (169 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Atdabanian521.0 - 516.0China (Yunnan) Shankouclava anningense (68567) Shankouclava sp. (86929)
Marjumian504.5 - 497.0USA (Utah) Megasiphon thylakos (230679)
Llandovery - Wenlock443.1 - 426.7United Kingdom (Scotland) Tunicata indet. (26886)
Roadian274.4 - 266.9Croatia Imilce newelli, Imilce lata (75510)
Roadian274.4 - 266.9Iran Imilce newelli (75767)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28Indonesia Khmeria problematica (75571)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28Italy Khmeria importans (113433) Osium sp., Osium importans, Echinosphaerites gemmellaroi (233340) Permosoma tunicatum, Permosoma tuberculatum (75474)
Wordian - Capitanian266.9 - 259.51Tunisia (Madanin) Permosoma permotessellata (42092)
Wordian - Capitanian266.9 - 259.51Cambodia Khmeria problematica, Khmeria stolonifera (233582)
Capitanian264.28 - 259.51Cambodia Khmeria problematica (124988)
Capitanian264.28 - 259.51USA (New Mexico) Permosoma sp. (24203 95715 95716 107698)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Azerbaijan Khmeria pumila (116766)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902China (Sichuan) Permosoma sp. (36221)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902Greece Permosoma sp. (74927)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902Armenia Khmeria pumila (113726)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902Azerbaijan Khmeria pumila (116753)
Julian237.0 - 233.6Italy Khmeria minima, Zardinisoma cassianum, Zardinisoma pauciplacophorum, Zardinisoma pyriforme, Zardinisoma polyplacophorum (66197)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (255691)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (255627 255628 255634 255635 255637 255638 255654 255656 255657 255658 255663 255664 255670 255675 255680 255686 256608)
Burdigalian - Langhian20.45 - 13.82Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (256595 256596 256599)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (255615 255621 255622 255623 255624)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (252020 252021 252023 252024 252026 252027 252029 252030 252032 252033 252035 252036 252038 252042 252044 252047 252048 252049 252052 252057 252058 252061 252063)
Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene15.98 - 5.333Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (251992)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (256528 256549 256563 256564 256565 256567 256586)
G. nepenthes/P. mayeri CRZ11.63 - 10.46Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254454 254455 254456)
G. nepenthes/P. mayeri CRZ - G. trilobus PRZ11.63 - 9.83Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254451 254452 254453)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (258216 258217 258228 258241)
G. trilobus PRZ - N. acostaensis/G. lenguaensis CRZ10.46 - 6.13Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254448 254449 254450)
N. acostaensis/G. lenguaensis CRZ9.83 - 6.13Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254412 254413)
N. acostaensis/G. lenguaensis CRZ - G. extremus PRZ - Atlantic9.83 - 5.72Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254407)
G. extremus PRZ - Atlantic - G. tumida/G. nepenthes CRZ - Atlantic6.13 - 4.37Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254372)
G. tumida/G. nepenthes CRZ - Atlantic5.72 - 4.37Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254352 254355 254356 254357)
G. tumida/G. nepenthes CRZ - Atlantic - G. margaritae HOZ5.72 - 3.85Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254349)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (258166)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (251986 256460 256461 256525 256526 256527)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (256524)
G. margaritae HOZ - S. seminulina HOZ - Atlantic4.37 - 3.16Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254346)
S. seminulina HOZ - Atlantic - D. altispira HOZ - Atlantic3.85 - 3.13Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254343)
NN163.75 - 2.5Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (248186)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (247322)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene3.6 - 0.0117Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (247320 247321 258084 258112 258128)
D. altispira HOZ - Atlantic - G. miocenica HOZ - Atlantic3.16 - 2.39Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254342)
G. miocenica HOZ - Atlantic3.13 - 2.39Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254338)
G. miocenica HOZ - Atlantic - G. fistulosus HOZ - Atlantic3.13 - 1.88Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254330)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (247303 247308 247310 247312 247313 247314 247317 251968 251969 251970 251971 251973 251974 251976 251977 251978)
G. fistulosus HOZ - Atlantic2.39 - 1.88Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254321 254325)
NN191.9 - 0.42Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (248119 248146 250696 250697 250702 250710)
G. ruber PRZ1.88 - 0.0Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (254296 254298 254299 254300 254301 254303 254304 254305 254306 254307 254311 254313 254317 254319 256452 256453 256454 256455)
NN200.42 - 0.29Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (248114 250689)
NN20 - NN210.42 - 0.0Indian Ocean Tunicata indet. (250687 250688)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Mauritius Tunicata indet. (81017)