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Characiformes

Osteichthyes - Characiformes

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1911Characiformes Regan
2003Characiformes Murray p. 503
2004Characiformes Filleul and Maisey
2006Characiformes Nelson
2011Characiformes Long p. 243
2013Characiformes Betancur et al.
2015Characiformes Arratia p. 61
2016Characiformes Nelson et al. p. 193
2019Characiformes van der Laan p. 66

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassActinopterygii()
RankNameAuthor
infraclassActinopteri()
—Teleosteomorpha
—Teleostei(Müller 1846)
—ClupeocephalaPatterson and Rosen 1977
—Otomorpha
superorderOstariophysiJordan and Evermann 1896
—Otophysa
orderCharaciformesRegan 1911
orderCharaciformesRegan 1911

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Characiformes Regan 1911
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Invalid names: Acestrorhynchinae [empty], Heterocharacinae [empty], Roestinae [empty]
Superfm. Alestoidea
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G. Hydrocynus Cuvier 1816
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G. Colossoma Cuvier 1818
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Invalid names: Agoniatinae [empty], Aphyocharacinae [empty], Aphyoditeinae [empty], Bryconinae [empty], Characinae [empty], Cheirodontinae [empty], Clupeacharacinae [empty], Gymnocharacinae [empty], Iguanodectinae [empty], Rhoadsiinae [empty], Stethaprioninae [empty], Stevardiinae [empty], Tetragonopterinae Lundberg 1997 [empty]
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Invalid names: Charcidiinae [empty], Crenuchinae [empty]
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G. Hydrolycus Lundberg 1997
G. Rhaphiodon Agassiz 1829
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G. Hoplias Gill 1903
Superfm. Erythrinoidea
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G. Leporinus Lundberg 1997
Invalid names: Curimatidae [empty]
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Invalid names: Bivibranchiini [empty], Hemiodontini [empty]
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Invalid names: Lebiasininae [empty], Pyrrhulininae [empty]
Fm. Serrasalmidae Günther 1864
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G. †Megapiranha Cione et al. 2009
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†Megapiranha paranensis Cione et al. 2009
G. Mylossoma Eigenmann and Kennedy 1903
G. Piaractus Eigenmann 1903
Invalid names: Bryconidae [empty], Chalceidae [empty], Characoidea [empty], Chilodontidae Eigenmann 1912 [empty], Crenuchoidea [empty], Ctenoluciidae [empty], Gasteropelecidae [empty], Hepsetidae [empty], Parodontidae [empty], Prochilodontidae [empty], Triportheidae [empty]
Subor. Citharinoidei Buckup 1998
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G. Distichodus Muller and Troschel 1844
G. †Eocitharinus Murray 2003
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Invalid names: Citharinidae [empty]
G. Miletes Heckel 1849
G. Rhodsia Fowler 1911
G. †Santanichthys Silva Santos 1991
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†Santanichthys diasii Silva Santos 1958
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: freshwatero
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: planktonicp
Diet: suspension feederp
Created: 2017-04-17 10:36:16
Modified: 2017-04-17 10:36:16
Source: o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum, p = phylum
References: Carroll 1988, Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009, Bambach et al. 2007, Bush and Bambach 2015

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Campanian to the top of the Calabrian or 83.60000 to 0.77400 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 72.2 Ma

Collections (148 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2USA (Utah) Characiformes indet. (14466)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2France (Languedoc-Roussillon) Characiformes indet. (74660)
Campanian - Maastrichtian83.6 - 66.0Sudan (Ash Shamaliyah) Characiformes indet. (38682)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian83.6 - 66.0Brazil (São Paulo) Characiformes indet. (230676)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Romania (Hunedoara) Characidae indet. (67811)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Romania (Alba) Characiformes indet. (115074)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Bolivia (Cochabamba) Characoidei indet., Tetragonopterinae indet. (12855)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Brazil (Minas Gerais) Characiformes indet. (83250)
Danian66.0 - 61.66Bolivia (Mizque) Hoplias sp., Rhodsia sp., Miletes sp. (13501)
Thanetian59.24 - 56.0Bolivia Serrasalmidae indet., Erythrinidae indet. (176065)
Thanetian - Ypresian59.24 - 48.07Peru (Puno) Tetragonopterinae indet. (28230 132938)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07Algeria Characidae indet. (71984)
Ypresian - Lutetian56.0 - 41.03Algeria (Bechar region) Characiformes indet. (77014)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Tanzania Eocitharinus macrognathus (31499)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Namibia (Sperrgebiet) Hydrocynus sp. (149173)
Middle Eocene48.07 - 37.71Peru (Loreto) C. dome-like teeth, C. hook-like teeth, C. acuminate teeth, Colossoma sp., Hydrolycus sp. (176140) C. pad-like teeth, Leporinus sp. (176151)
Middle Eocene48.07 - 37.71Peru C. hook-like teeth, Characiformes indet. (176141) Characiformes indet., Leporinus sp. (176136) Cynodontidae indet. (176154) Leporinus sp. (176139)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9Libya (Sirt) Characiformes indet., Alestidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (187328) Characiformes indet., Hydrocynus sp. (187327) Hydrocynus sp. (175361 175362)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71United Kingdom (England) Characoidei indet. (39014)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9Peru (San Martin) Characiformes indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (225588)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9Peru (San Martín) Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (225589)
Priabonian - Rupelian37.71 - 27.3Peru (Loreto) C. croc-like teeth, C. hook-like teeth, C. pad-like teeth, C. acuminate teeth, Leporinus sp. (144474)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3Peru Characiformes indet. 2, Characiformes indet. 3, Characiformes indet. 4, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (199559) Characiformes indet. 4, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (199563 225590) Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (199561)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Oman (Dhofar) Characiformes indet. (162464)
Rupelian - Chattian33.9 - 23.04Peru Characiformes indet. 2, Characiformes indet. 3, Characiformes indet. 4, Anostomidae indet. sp 1, Anostomidae indet. sp 2, Hydrolycus sp. (199560) Characiformes indet. 2, Characiformes indet. 4, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (199562)
Rupelian - Chattian33.9 - 23.04Peru (Loreto) C. hook-like tooth, C. dome-like teeth, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176129)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Peru (Loreto) C. dome-like tooth, C. pad-like teeth, C. tricuspid teeth, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176147) C. hook-like teeth, C. pad-like teeth, Erythrinidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176130)
Late/Upper Oligocene27.3 - 23.04Kenya Alestidae indet., Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (174672)
Late/Upper Oligocene27.3 - 23.04Tanzania (Mbeya) Alestidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (190951)
Late/Upper Oligocene27.3 - 23.04Peru Anostomidae indet. (176155) Hydrolycus sp. (176148)
Miocene - Pliocene23.04 - 2.58Uganda Characidae indet. (22344) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22396 22419) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22247 22398 22400 22405 22433) Hydrocynus sp. (22214 22218 22245 22392 22422 22437) Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22217 22457)
Colhuehuapian21.0 - 17.5Peru C. hook-like teeth, C. pad-like teeth, C. acuminate teeth, Anostomidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176149)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Colombia (La Guajira) Serrasalmidae sp., Characidae sp. (166506)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Libya Characiformes indet., Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (276397)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Uganda Alestidae indet. (192070)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Colombia (Guajira) Mylossoma sp., Piaractus brachypomus (190376)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Peru C. hook-like teeth, C. pad-like teeth, C. acuminate teeth, Anostomidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176135)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Peru (Loreto) Colossoma macropomum (224013) Hoplias sp., Serrasalmidae indet., Colossoma macropomum (224012) Serrasalmidae indet., Characidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Mylossoma sp. (224007) Serrasalmidae indet., Colossoma macropomum (224009) Serrasalmidae indet., Cynodontidae indet. (224010)
Middle Miocene - Tortonian15.98 - 7.246Peru Characiformes indet. (176144)
Serravallian - Tortonian13.82 - 7.246Peru C. hook-like teeth, C. croc-like teeth, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176143)
Laventan13.8 - 11.0Colombia (Huila) Characidae indet., Colossoma macropomum, Hydrolycus sp., Tetragonopterinae indet. (186683) Colossoma macropomum (186447 186669) Hydrolycus sp. (186678) Leporinus sp. (186679)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Peru C. croc-like teeth, Anostomidae tricuspid teeth, Anostomidae hexacuspid teeth, Hydrolycus sp. (176162) C. hook-like teeth, Anostomidae indet., Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176156) C. hook-like teeth, C. pentacuspid teeth, C. croc-like teeth, Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp. (176133)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Venezuela Serrasalmidae indet. (200110 200111)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Brazil (Acre) Colossoma sp. (55602)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Uganda Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22358 22443)
Tortonian - Messinian11.63 - 5.333Kenya Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22241)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene11.63 - 3.6Chad Hydrocynus sp. (24181)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene11.63 - 3.6Uganda Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22345)
Huayquerian8.0 - 5.0Argentina (Entre Rios) Cynodontidae indet., Colossoma macropomus (55600) Megapiranha paranensis (140471 140472)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Chad Hydrocynus sp. (59839)
Messinian - Zanclean7.246 - 3.6Kenya Hydrocynus sp. (22242)
Messinian - Zanclean7.246 - 3.6Tanzania Hydrocynus sp. (22042 22058)
Messinian - Piacenzian7.246 - 2.58Kenya Characoidea spp. (22237)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Kenya Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22240) Hydrocynus sp. (21406 21510)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Uganda Characidae indet. (22250) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22258) Hydrocynus sp. (22198 22257 22265)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.58Kenya Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22239) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22235)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117Congo-Kinshasa Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp. (22122) Characidae indet., Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (22346)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117Uganda Hydrocynus sp. (22202 22203 22207 22209)
Montehermosan5.0 - 3.8Argentina (Buenos Aires) Characidae indet. (152081 198863)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Egypt Hydrocynus sp. (22592)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Venezuela (Falcon) Hoplias sp., Serrasalmidae indet., Mylossoma sp. (122033)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Ethiopia Hydrocynus sp. (21546)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Colombia (La Guajira) Serrasalmidae sp., Characidae sp., Hydrolycus scomberoides, Hydrolycus sp., Rhaphiodon sp. (166508)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Kenya Hydrocynus sp. (21425 21432 21436 21485 21509)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene3.6 - 0.0117Uganda Hydrocynus sp. (22178)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8Kenya Hydrocynus sp. (21398 21412 21418 21420 21451 21457 21478 21483 21486 21504 21537) Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (21461)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8Ethiopia Hydrocynus sp. (21545)
Gelasian - Calabrian2.58 - 0.774Kenya Hydrocynus sp. (21367 21370 21421 21462 21495 21498 22342)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Kenya Hydrocynus sp. (21443) Hydrocynus sp., Distichodus sp. (21368)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Kenya (Rift Valley) Hydrocynus sp. (21294)