PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Polinices hepaticus

Gastropoda - Naticidae

Taxonomy

Albula hepatica was named by Röding (1798) [DISTRIBUTION: Pliocene-Recent; Western Atlantic]. It is extant.

It was recombined as Polinices hepaticus by Roding (1798) and Weisbord (1962).

Sister species lacking formal opinion data

P. alamedensis, P. aratus, P. brunneus, P. concinna, P. cumingianus, P. horni, P. huttoni, P. julianna, P. lewisi, P. medinae, P. nagahamai, P. onustus, P. panamensis, P. prolacteus, P. propeovatus, P. robustus, P. stephensoni, P. umbilica, P. orangensis, P. subvarians, P. staringi, P. eucallosus, P. finlayi, P. finlayi, P. modestus, P. obstructus, P. columnaris, P. marambiensis, P. newtoni, P. panamensis, P. parki, P. saulae, P. subtenius

Synonyms

Mammilla brunnea was named by Link (1807). It is extant.

It was recombined as Polinices brunnea by Dall (1889), Woodring (1928) and DuBar (1962); it was recombined as Polinices (Mammilla) brunnea by Weisbord (1929); it was synonymized subjectively with Polinices hepaticus by Hendy et al. (2008).
Natica brunnea was named by Link (1807) [DISTRIBUTION: Pliocene-Recent; Western Atlantic.]. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Polinices hepaticus by Weisbord (1962).
Natica subclausa was named by Sowerby (1850) [DISTRIBUTION: Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene; circum-Caribbean.]. It is extant.

It was recombined as Polinices subclausa by Brown and Pilsbry (1911), Olsson (1922), Anderson (1929), Barrios (1960) and Weisbord (1962); it was recombined as Polinices brunnea subclausa by Woodring (1928); it was synonymized subjectively with Polinices hepaticus by Hendy et al. (2008).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1798	Polinices hepaticus Roding figs. Pl. 1, figs 5-10
1798	Albula hepatica Röding p. 21
1807	Natica brunnea Link
1807	Mammilla brunnea Link p. 140
1807	Natica brunnea Link p. 140
1850	Natica subclausa Sowerby p. 51 figs. pl. 18, fig. 8
1889	Polinices brunnea Dall p. 156
1911	Polinices subclausa Brown and Pilsbry p. 360
1922	Polinices subclausa Olsson p. 157
1928	Polinices brunnea Woodring p. 385
1928	Polinices brunnea subclausa Woodring pp. 385-386
1929	Polinices subclausa Anderson p. 124
1929	Polinices (Mammilla) brunnea Weisbord p. 29
1960	Polinices subclausa Barrios p. 272
1962	Polinices brunnea DuBar
1962	Polinices hepaticus Weisbord p. 240
1962	Polinices subclausa Weisbord p. 241

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Gastropoda

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Caenogastropoda	(Cox 1959)
—	Sorbeoconcha	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—	Hypsogastropoda	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superfamily	Naticoidea	(Forbes 1838)
family	Naticidae	Guilding 1834
subfamily	Polinicinae	Gray 1847
genus	Polinices	Monfort 1810
species	hepaticus	(Röding 1798)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Polinices hepaticus Röding 1798

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Invalid names: Natica brunnea Link 1807 [synonym], Polinices brunnea Link 1807 [synonym], Polinices subclausa Sowerby 1850 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitef

Entire body:

yesg

Adult width:

10 to < 100g

Adult height:

10 to < 100g

Thickness:

intermediateg

Folds:

noneg

Ribbing:

noneg

Spines:

noneg

Internal reinforcement:

noneg

Locomotion:

actively mobileg

Life habit:

semi-infaunalg

Diet:

carnivoreg

Vision:

limitedc

Created:

2004-10-20 00:53:45

Modified:

2018-03-19 12:56:43

Source: g = genus, f = family, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range: base of the Tortonian to the top of the Late/Upper Pliocene or 11.62000 to 2.58800 Ma

Collections (36 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	Colombia (Atlantico)	Polinices brunnea (60680 60684)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Dominican Republic	Polinices subclausa (58816 58817)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Panama	Polinices subclausa (134661)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Colombia	Polinices hepaticus (131220) Polinices subclausa (88297)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Dominican Republic	Polinices hepaticus (74915) Polinices subclausa (58867 58869 58875)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Venezuela (Falcon)	Polinices subclausa (61032 61039)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Trinidad and Tobago	Polinices subclausa (81976)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Haiti	Polinices brunnea (60107 60108)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Colombia (Atlántico)	Polinices subclausa (88312)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Colombia (Bolívar)	Polinices subclausa (88316)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Ecuador (Esmeraldas)	Polinices hepaticus (41764)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Dominican Republic	Polinices subclausa (58821 58822)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Ecuador (Esmeraldas)	Polinices hepaticus (41763 41802 135043)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Colombia (Atlántico)	Polinices subclausa (88310)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Colombia	Polinices subclausa (88294)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Dominican Republic	Polinices hepaticus (74965) Polinices subclausa (80136)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	USA (Florida)	Polinices subclausa (41749)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Venezuela	Polinices hepaticus (131237)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Jamaica	Polinices brunnea (58522) Polinices hepaticus (69089 69092 69093 69094)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Costa Rica	Polinices subclausa (134652)