PBDB Taxon

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Glycymeris

Bivalvia - Arcida - Glycymerididae

Taxonomy

Glycymeris was named by Da Costa (1778) [m. kosnik taxon no: 4062 Sepkoski's age data: K Vala R]. It is extant. Its type is Pectunculus nuculatus.

It was assigned to Pectunculinae by Glenn (1904); to Glycimeridae by Turner (1938); to Arcidae by Clark and Arnold (1923), Nagao (1928), Grant, IV and Gale (1931), Durham (1944), Gardner (1945), DuBar (1958) and Faustman (1964); to Hiatellidae by Vokes (1980); to Glycymeridae by Eames (1951), Rivera (1957), Kensley and Pether (1986) and Wienrich (1999); to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); to Glycymeridinae by Adegoke (1977), Dockery (1982), Moore (1983), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Ward (1992), del Rio (1992), Moerdijk and van Nieulande (2000), Coan et al. (2000), Spencer et al. (2004), Squires (2010) and Bouchet et al. (2010); and to Glycymerididae by Stenzel et al. (1957), Fleming (1966), da Silva Forti (1969), Hertlein and Grant (1972), Marasti (1973), Tashiro and Kozai (1982), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Squires (1988), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Tiwari (2001), Vera-Peláez et al. (2004), Beu (2006), Mikkelsen (2006) and Hickman (2023).

Species

Axinaea barbarensis, Axinaea viamediae, Axinaea wyomingensis, Axinea conradi, Axinea idonea, G. (Axinactis), G. (Axinola), G. (Chevronia), G. (Ewekoromeris), G. (Glycymeris), G. (Glycymerula) modesta, G. (Grandaxinea), G. (Hanaia), G. (Pseudoveletuceta), G. (Tucetilla), G. (Veletuceta), G. americana, G. anteparilis, G. arctata, G. arquilloensis, G. baumanni, G. boguensis, G. brevirostris, G. cainozoica, G. canoa, G. caracoli, G. carbasina, G. castaneus, G. chehalisensis, G. cisshuensis, G. colchaguensis, G. conradi, G. cookei, G. cor, G. corteziana, G. crashleyi, G. crescentensis, G. decussata (syn. G. pennacea), G. delessertii, G. democraciana, G. depressa, G. dispar, G. dunkeri, G. eumita, G. filosa, G. fulleri, G. gabrielensis, G. geinitzii (syn. Pectunculus sublaevis), G. gembacanus, G. globosa, G. glycymeris, G. gordoni, G. grayana, G. grewingki (syn. G. larvula), G. gwadarensis, G. hedleyi, G. hummi, G. ibari, G. idensis, G. idonea, G. intercostata, G. jacquoti, G. kashewarowi, G. larvata (syn. G. conradi), G. linda, G. lisbonensis, G. longior, G. maculata, G. martini, G. microsulci, G. mississippiensis, G. naiadis, G. nigeriensis, G. ovata, G. pacifica, G. parilis, G. pectunculus, G. pentzana, G. peruvianus, G. pilosa, G. pulvinata, G. puruensis, G. quilonensis, G. rectidorsalis, G. reevi, G. septentrionalis (syn. G. (Axinola) profunda, G. profunda, G. subobsoleta, G. coalingensis), G. shastensis, G. shrimptoni, G. sindiensis, G. sloani, G. soriensis, G. spectralis, G. stamina, G. staminea, G. striatularis, G. suwannensis, G. tenuisulcatus, G. terebratularis, G. thomsoni, G. trigonella, G. tumefactus, G. vancouverensis, G. viticola, G. waipipiensis, G. winlockensis, G. woodsi, G. wrigleyi, G. yoloensis, Pectunculopsis moguntina, Pectunculus alternans, Pectunculus carolinensis, Pectunculus charlestonensis, Pectunculus corbuloides, Pectunculus cuneus, Pectunculus idoneus, Pectunculus lima, Pectunculus nuculatus (type species), Pectunculus ovatus, Pectunculus perplanus, Pectunculus polymorphus, Pectunculus siouxensis, Pectunculus subauriculatus, Pectunculus subtogoensis, Pectunculus subtrigonalis, Pectunculus trigonella, Pseudaxinaea violascens, Veletuceta flammeus

Synonyms

Manaia was named as a genus. It is not extant.

It was reranked as Glycymeris (Manaia) by Fleming (1966); it was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Hendy (2007) and Squires (2010).

It was assigned to Glycymeris by Fleming (1966); and to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002).
Glycymerula was named by Finlay and Marwick (1937) [Sepkoski's age data: T Plio-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 1112]. It is extant.

It was reranked as Glycymeris (Glycymerula) by Fleming (1966); it was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Hendy (2007).

It was assigned to Glycymeris by Fleming (1966); and to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002).
Veletuceta was named by Iredale (1931) [Sepkoski's age data: T Ol-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 1112]. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006).

It was assigned to Glycymeridinae by Vokes (1980); and to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002).
Pectunculus was named by Lamarck (1799). It is extant.

It was reranked as Cardium (Pectunculus) by Stoliczka (1870); it was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006) and Hendy (2007).

It was assigned to Cardium by Stoliczka (1870); to Arcidae by Stanton (1895); and to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002).
Axinaea was named by Poli (1791). It is extant.

It was reranked as Glycymeris (Axinea) by Maury (1912); it was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Coan et al. (2000) and Beu (2006).

It was assigned to Glycymerididae by Gabb (1873); to Glycymeris by Maury (1912); to Glycymeridinae by Vokes (1980); and to Axinaeinae by Bouchet et al. (2010).
Pectunculopsis was named by Ebert (1890).

It was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006) and Hendy (2007).

It was assigned to Glycymeridinae by Vokes (1980).
Axinaeoderma was named by Poli (1795). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006) and Hendy (2007).
Tuceta was named by Röding (1798). It is extant.

It was reranked as Glycymeris (Tuceta) by Olsson and Harbison (1953) and DuBar (1958); it was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006) and Hendy (2007).

It was assigned to Glycymeris by Olsson and Harbison (1953) and DuBar (1958).
Pectunculigenus was named by Renier (1807).

It was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006).
Pseudaxinaea was named by Monterosato (1892). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Glycymeris by Beu (2006) and Hendy (2007).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1778	Glycymeris Da Costa
1791	Axinaea Poli p. 32
1795	Axinaeoderma Poli p. 254
1798	Tuceta Röding p. 172
1799	Pectunculus Lamarck p. 87
1807	Pectunculigenus Renier
1870	Cardium (Pectunculus) Stoliczka
1873	Axinea Gabb p. 255
1890	Pectunculopsis Ebert p. 25
1892	Pseudaxinaea Monterosato p. 151
1895	Pectunculus Stanton p. 51
1904	Glycymeris Glenn p. 393
1912	Glycymeris (Axinea) Maury p. 49
1923	Glycymeris Clark and Arnold p. 137
1928	Glycimeris Nagao p. 28
1931	Glycymeris Grant, IV and Gale p. 133
1931	Veletuceta Iredale
1937	Glycymerula Finlay and Marwick
1938	Glycimeris Turner p. 43
1944	Glycymeris Durham p. 137
1945	Glycymeris Gardner
1951	Glycymeris Eames p. 330
1953	Glycymeris (Tuceta) Olsson and Harbison p. 31
1957	Glycymeris Rivera p. 189
1957	Glycymeris Stenzel et al. p. 59
1958	Glycymeris DuBar p. 153
1958	Glycymeris (Tuceta) DuBar p. 153
1964	Glycymeris Faustman p. 114
1966	Glycymeris Fleming p. 18
1966	Glycymeris (Glycymerula) Fleming p. 19
1966	Glycymeris (Manaia) Fleming p. 19
1969	Glycymeris da Silva Forti p. 70
1972	Glycymeris Hertlein and Grant p. 158
1973	Glycymeris Marasti p. 100
1977	Glycymeris Adegoke p. 224
1980	Axinaea Vokes p. 20
1980	Veletuceta Vokes p. 21
1980	Glycimeris Vokes p. 186
1980	Pectunculopsis Vokes p. 223
1982	Glycymeris Dockery p. 36
1982	Glycymeris Tashiro and Kozai p. 71
1983	Glycymeris Moore p. A49
1984	Glycymeris Squires p. 41
1986	Glycymeris Kensley and Pether p. 198
1987	Glycymeris Squires p. 55
1987	Glycymeris Ward and Blackwelder p. 129
1988	Glycymeris Squires p. 17
1992	Glycymeris Squires and Demetrion p. 36
1992	Glycymeris Ward p. 60
1992	Glycymeris del Rio pp. 16-17
1999	Glycymeris Wienrich p. 212
2000	Glycymeris Coan et al. p. 142
2000	Glycymeris Moerdijk and van Nieulande p. 4
2001	Glycymeris Tiwari p. 159
2002	Glycymeris Sepkoski
2002	Glycymerula Sepkoski
2002	Manaia Sepkoski
2002	Pectunculus Sepkoski
2002	Veletuceta Sepkoski
2004	Glycymeris Spencer et al.
2004	Glycymeris Vera-Peláez et al. p. 255
2006	Glycymeris Beu p. 175
2006	Glycymeris Mikkelsen
2010	Axinaea Bouchet et al.
2010	Glycymeris Bouchet et al.
2010	Glycymeris Squires p. 897
2023	Glycymeris Hickman p. 15

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Pteriomorphia	(Beurlen 1944)
—	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Arcioni	Gray 1854
order	Arcida	(Stoliczka 1871)
superfamily	Arcoidea	(Lamarck 1809)
family	Glycymerididae	Newton 1922
subfamily	Glycymeridinae	Newton 1922
genus	Glycymeris	Da Costa 1778

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Glycymeris Da Costa 1778

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Subg. Glycymeris (Axinactis) Mörch 1861

Subg. Axinactis (Axinactis) Mörch 1861

Subg. Axinactis (Glycymerella) Woodring 1925

Glycymeris (Axinactis) inaequalis Sowerby 1832

Subg. Glycymeris (Axinola) Hertlein and Grant 1972

Subg. Glycymeris (Chevronia) Moerdijk and van Nieulande 2000

Subg. †Glycymeris (Ewekoromeris) Adegoke 1977

†Glycymeris (Ewekoromeris) ewekoroensis Adegoke 1977

Subg. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) da Costa 1778

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) angsanana Martin 1921

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold 1908

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) buwaldi Clark 1918

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) caputavisensis Beets 1986

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) eocenica Weaver 1912

†Glycymeris eocenica tejonensis Weaver 1912

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gabbi Dall 1909

Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gigantea Reeve 1843

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) guineensis Adegoke 1977

Glycymeris (Glycymeris) jamaicensis Dall 1898

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) longioriformis del Rio 1992

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) mahiana Marwick 1931

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) obovata Lamarck 1819

†Glycymeris (Chevronia) obovata ringelei Moerdijk and van Nieulande 2000

†Glycymeris obovata baldii Glibert and Van de Poel 1965

Invalid names: Glycymeris (Glycymeris) beeseliensis Heering 1942 [synonym], Pectunculus philippii Deshayes 1860 [synonym]

Glycymeris (Glycymeris) rosecanyonensis Hanna 1927

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) swartsi Hertlein and Jordan 1927

†Glycymeris (Glycymeris) taverai Frassinetti and Covacevich 1984

Glycymeris (Glycymeris) whaleyi Nicol 1947

Invalid names: Pectunculus eocenica landesi Weaver 1912 [synonym]

Subg. Glycymeris (Grandaxinea)

Subg. †Glycymeris (Hanaia) Hayami 1965

†Glycymeris (Hanaia) hokkaidoensis Yabe and Nagao 1928

Subg. †Glycymeris (Pseudoveletuceta) Tashiro 1971

†Glycymeris (Pseudoveletuceta) mifunensis Tashiro 1971

Subg. †Glycymeris (Tucetilla)

Subg. †Glycymeris (Veletuceta)

Glycymeris americana Defrance 1826

†Glycymeris anteparilis Kellum 1926

†Glycymeris arctata Conrad 1848

†Glycymeris arquilloensis Rivera 1957

†Glycymeris baumanni Maury 1924

†Glycymeris boguensis Richards and Harbison 1947

†Glycymeris brevirostris Sowerby 1824

†Glycymeris cainozoica Tenison Woods 1877

†Glycymeris canoa Pilsbry and Olsson 1941

†Glycymeris caracoli Anderson 1928

†Glycymeris carbasina Brown and Pilsbry 1911

Glycymeris castaneus Lamarck 1819

†Glycymeris chehalisensis Weaver 1916

†Glycymeris cisshuensis Makiyama 1926

†Glycymeris cisshuensis compressa Nagao 1928

†Glycymeris colchaguensis Hupé 1854

†Glycymeris conradi Whitfield 1885

†Glycymeris cookei Dall 1916

†Glycymeris cor Lamarck 1805

Glycymeris corteziana Dall 1916

†Glycymeris crashleyi Maury 1924

†Glycymeris crescentensis Weaver and Van Winkle Palmer 1922

Glycymeris decussata Linnaeus 1758

Invalid names: Glycymeris pennacea Lamarck 1819 [synonym]

†Glycymeris delessertii Reeve 1843

†Glycymeris democraciana Hodson et al. 1927

†Glycymeris depressa Deshayes 1829

†Glycymeris dispar Defrance 1826

†Glycymeris dispar pseudopulvinatus d'Orbigny 1850

†Glycymeris dunkeri Boettger 1883

†Glycymeris eumita Maury 1924

†Glycymeris filosa Conrad 1854

†Glycymeris fulleri Kensley and Pether 1986

†Glycymeris gabrielensis Clark and Durham 1946

†Glycymeris geinitzii Orbigny 1850

Invalid names: Pectunculus sublaevis Sowerby 1837 [synonym]

†Glycymeris gembacanus Martin 1883

†Glycymeris globosa Sowerby in Dixon 1850

Glycymeris glycymeris Linnaeus 1758

Glycymeris gordoni Nowell-Usticke 1959

†Glycymeris grayana

†Glycymeris grewingki Dall 1909

Invalid names: Glycymeris larvula Hanna 1924 [synonym]

†Glycymeris gwadarensis Vredenburg 1928

Glycymeris hedleyi Lamy 1912

†Glycymeris hummi Ward and Blackwelder 1987

†Glycymeris ibari Philippi 1887

†Glycymeris idensis Kanno 1956

†Glycymeris idonea Conrad 1865

†Glycymeris intercostata Gabb 1860

†Glycymeris jacquoti Tournouer 1873

†Glycymeris kashewarowi Grewingk 1848

†Glycymeris larvata Hanna 1924

Invalid names: Glycymeris conradi Dall 1909 [replaced]

†Glycymeris linda Maury 1924

†Glycymeris lisbonensis Harris 1919

Glycymeris longior Sowerby 1832

Glycymeris maculata Broderip 1832

†Glycymeris martini Finlay 1927

†Glycymeris microsulci Wade 1926

†Glycymeris mississippiensis Conrad 1848

†Glycymeris naiadis Maury 1924

†Glycymeris nigeriensis Newton 1922

†Glycymeris ovata Stanton 1895

†Glycymeris pacifica Anderson 1902

†Glycymeris parilis Conrad 1843

Glycymeris pectunculus Linnaeus 1758

†Glycymeris pentzana Anderson 1958

†Glycymeris peruvianus Olsson 1930

Glycymeris pilosa Linnaeus 1767

†Glycymeris pulvinata Lamarck 1805

†Glycymeris puruensis Martin 1914

†Glycymeris quilonensis Dey 1961

†Glycymeris rectidorsalis Marwick 1931

†Glycymeris reevi Meyer 1868

Glycymeris septentrionalis Middendorf 1849

Invalid names: Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall 1879 [synonym], Glycymeris coalingensis Arnold 1909 [synonym], Glycymeris profunda Dall 1879 [synonym], Glycymeris subobsoleta Carpenter 1864 [synonym]

†Glycymeris shastensis Anderson 1958

†Glycymeris shrimptoni Marwick 1923

†Glycymeris sindiensis Vredenburg 1928

†Glycymeris sloani Ward and Blackwelder 1987

†Glycymeris soriensis Eames 1951

Glycymeris spectralis Nicol 1952

†Glycymeris stamina Conrad 1833

†Glycymeris staminea Conrad 1833

†Glycymeris striatularis

†Glycymeris suwannensis Mansfield 1937

†Glycymeris tenuisulcatus Koenen 1893

†Glycymeris terebratularis Lamarck 1805

†Glycymeris thomsoni Marwick 1929

†Glycymeris trigonella Conrad 1833

†Glycymeris trigonella minor Lea 1833

†Glycymeris tumefactus Pilsbry and Brown 1917

†Glycymeris tumefactus lavelensis Hodson 1927

†Glycymeris vancouverensis Clark and Arnold 1923

†Glycymeris viticola Anderson and Hanna 1825

†Glycymeris waipipiensis Marwick 1923

†Glycymeris winlockensis Effinger 1938

†Glycymeris woodsi Clark and Durham 1946

†Glycymeris woodsi carmenensis Clark and Durham 1946

†Glycymeris wrigleyi Curry 1958

†Glycymeris yoloensis Squires 2010

†Pectunculus pilosus insubricus Brocchi 1814

Invalid names: Axinaea Poli 1791 [synonym], Axinaeoderma Poli 1795 [synonym], Glycymerula Finlay and Marwick 1937 [synonym], Manaia [synonym], Pectunculigenus Renier 1807 [synonym], Pectunculopsis Ebert 1890 [synonym], Pectunculus Lamarck 1799 [synonym], Pseudaxinaea Monterosato 1892 [synonym], Tuceta Röding 1798 [synonym], Veletuceta Iredale 1931 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
R. L. Squires 2010	Subcircular to circular. Umbones small and obscure to lowly inflated. Shell surface commonly smoothish or with flattened to very slightly raised radial ribs indicated mostly by color change. Interspaces linear to very narrow. Radial striae cover shell. Cardinal area can be asymmetrical. Cardinal area commonly smooth. Hinge plate arched. Taxodont teeth commonly small. Periostracum well devel- oped.