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Tyrannosaurus rex (tyrant lizard king)
Taxonomy
Tyrannosaurus rex was named by Osborn (1905). Its type specimen is NMC 9380 =AMNH 973, a partial skeleton (scapula), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Quarry No. 1, Sieber Ranch (AMNH), which is in a Maastrichtian terrestrial sandstone in the Lance Formation of Montana.
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1892 | Manospondylus gigas Cope p. 757 |
1902 | Manospondylus gigas Hay p. 500 |
1905 | Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn p. 259 |
1905 | Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn pp. 263-4 |
1906 | Tyrannosaurus rex Anonymous p. 15 |
1906 | Tyrannosaurus rex Krull p. 350 |
1906 | Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn p. 284 |
1907 | Tyrannosaurus rex Brown p. 841 |
1907 | Manospondylus gigas Hatcher et al. p. 113 |
1908 | Tyrannosaurus rex Abel p. 211 |
1912 | Tyrannosaurus rex Fraas p. 9 |
1914 | Tyrannosaurus rex Brown p. 358 |
1914 | Tyrannosaurus rex Huene p. 578 |
1915 | Tyrannosaurus rex Huene p. 22 fig. 14 |
1915 | Tyrannosaurus rex Stromer p. 7 |
1919 | Tyrannosaurus rex Holland p. 38–39 |
1920 | Tyrannosaurus rex Pompeckj p. 119 |
1922 | Tyrannosaurus rex Matthew and Brown pp. 377-378 |
1927 | Tyrannosaurus rex Huene p. 260 |
1930 | Tyrannosaurus rex Hay p. 180 |
1930 | Manospondylus gigas Hay p. 183 |
1930 | Tyrannosaurus rex Moodie p. 88 |
1930 | Tyrannosaurus rex Russell p. 140 |
1931 | Tyrannosaurus rex Stromer p. 9 |
1933 | Tyrannosaurus rex Gilmore p. 35 |
1934 | Tyrannosaurus rex Stromer p. 35 |
1934 | Tyrannosaurus rex Swinton p. 30 |
1935 | Tyrannosaurus rex Parks p. 195 |
1935 | Tyrannosaurus rex Young |
1936 | Tyrannosaurus rex Stromer p. 83 |
1939 | Manospondylus gigas Kuhn p. 81 |
1939 | Tyrannosaurus rex Kuhn p. 82 |
1940 | Tyrannosaurus rex Brown and Schlaikjer p. 5 fig. 5 |
1941 | Tyrannosaurus rex Avinoff p. 29 |
1942 | Tyrannosaurus rex Avinoff p. 29 |
1942 | Tyrannosaurus rex Kay p. 201 |
1942 | Tyrannosaurus rex Knight p. 165 |
1943 | Tyrannosaurus rex Stovall p. 70 |
1946 | Gorgosaurus lancensis Gilmore p. 2 |
1946 | Tyrannosaurus rex Gilmore p. 16 |
1949 | Tyrannosaurus rex Anonymous p. 255 |
1951 | Tyrannosaurus rex Kay p. 165 |
1954 | Tyrannosaurus rex Lavocat p. 68 |
1960 | Tyrannosaurus rex Jeletzky p. 35 |
1963 | Tyrannosaurus rex Anonymous p. 340 |
1964 | Tyrannosaurus rex Estes p. 144 |
1964 | Manospondylus gigas Kuhn p. 23 |
1964 | Tyrannosaurus rex Russell p. 17 |
1964 | Tyrannosaurus rex Tatarinov p. 539 |
1964 | Tyrannosaurus imperiosus Walker p. 117 |
1965 | Tyrannosaurus rex Ostrom p. 39 |
1965 | Tyrannosaurus rex Rozhdestvensky |
1966 | Tyrannosaurus rex Russell p. 13 |
1967 | Aublysodon lancensis Charig p. 714 |
1967 | Tyrannosaurus rex Charig p. 714 |
1970 | Tyrannosaurus rex Russell p. 18 |
1970 | Albertosaurus lancensis Russell p. 20 |
1970 | Gorgosaurus lancensis Steel p. 41 |
1970 | Tyrannosaurus rex Steel pp. 42-43 |
1970 | Tyrannosaurus rex Swinton p. 151 |
1970 | Tyrannosaurus imperiosus Swinton p. 152 |
1970 | Gorgosaurus lancensis Tabrum p. 6 |
1970 | Tyrannosaurus rex Tabrum p. 6 |
1972 | Tyrannosaurus rex Osmólska et al. p. 136 |
1974 | Tyrannosaurus rex Anonymous p. 159 |
1974 | Tyrannosaurus rex Molnar p. 1011 |
1976 | Albertosaurus lancensis Kurzanov |
1976 | Tyrannosaurus rex Kurzanov |
1976 | Tyrannosaurus rex Lawson p. 159 |
1976 | Gorgosaurus lancensis Sloan p. 145 |
1976 | Tyrannosaurus rex Sloan p. 145 |
1978 | Albertosaurus lancensis Molnar p. 73 |
1978 | Tyrannosaurus rex Molnar p. 73 |
1980 | Tyrannosaurus rex Chao |
1980 | Tyrannosaurus rex Gabriel and Lupton p. 25 |
1980 | Tyrannosaurus rex Lisak p. 68 |
1980 | Albertosaurus lancensis Molnar pp. 102-103 |
1980 | Tyrannosaurus rex Molnar p. 102 |
1981 | Tyrannosaurus rex McIntosh p. 8 |
1982 | Tyrannosaurus rex Anonymous p. 12 |
1982 | Tyrannosaurus rex McGinnis p. 99 |
1984 | Tyrannosaurus rex Kielan-Jaworowska p. 96 |
1985 | Tyrannosaurus rex Breithaupt p. 169 |
1986 | Albertosaurus lancensis Gauthier p. 9 |
1986 | Tyrannosaurus rex Gauthier p. 9 |
1986 | Tyrannosaurus rex Gillette et al. p. 235 |
1986 | Tyrannosaurus rex Zhao p. 71 |
1987 | Tyrannosaurus rex Lehman p. 208 |
1988 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Bakker et al. |
1988 | Aublysodon molnaris Paul p. 324 |
1988 | Albertosaurus megagracilis Paul pp. 333-334 |
1988 | Albertosaurus lancensis Paul p. 336 |
1988 | Tyrannosaurus rex Paul p. 343 |
1990 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Molnar et al. p. 190 |
1990 | Tyrannosaurus rex Molnar et al. p. 190 |
1991 | Tyrannosaurus rex Molnar p. 139 |
1991 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Molnar p. 167 |
1991 | Albertosaurus megagracilis Molnar p. 170 |
1991 | Tyrannosaurus rex Weishampel et al. p. 209 |
1992 | Tyrannosaurus rex Bakker et al. p. 3 |
1992 | Tyrannosaurus rex Buffetaut p. 135 fig. 2 |
1992 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carpenter p. 254 |
1992 | Albertosaurus lancensis Carpenter p. 258 |
1992 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Currie p. 246 |
1992 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie p. 247 |
1994 | Tyrannosaurus rex Derstler p. 139 |
1994 | Tyrannosaurus rex Molnar and Wiffen p. 693 |
1994 | Tyrannosaurus rex Retallack p. 1385 |
1995 | Tyrannosaurus rex Lockley and Hunt p. 235 |
1995 | Dinotyrannus megagracilis Olshevsky |
1995 | Stygivenator molnari Olshevsky |
1996 | Tyrannosaurus rex Buffetaut et al. p. 690 |
1997 | Tyrannosaurus rex Breithaupt p. 395 |
1997 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie and Padian p. 369 |
1997 | Tyrannosaurus rex Eberth p. 202 |
1997 | Tyrannosaurus rex Novas p. 684 |
1997 | Tyrannosaurus rex Ryan and Vickaryous p. 170 |
1997 | Tyrannosaurus rex Schweitzer p. 459 |
1998 | Tyrannosaurus rex Makovicky and Norell p. 13 |
1999 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carr p. 498 |
1999 | Tyrannosaurus rex Knoll et al. p. 106 |
2000 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carpenter p. 139 |
2000 | Tyrannosaurus rex Foster and Chure p. 8 |
2000 | Stygivenator molnari Olshevsky p. 154 |
2000 | Dinotyrannus megagracilis Olshevsky p. 156 |
2001 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carpenter and Smith p. 93 |
2001 | Tyrannosaurus rex Eberth et al. p. 66 |
2001 | Aublysodon molnaris Holtz, Jr. p. 68 fig. 7.2 |
2001 | Tyrannosaurus rex Holtz, Jr. pp. 71-72 fig. 7.2 |
2003 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Currie |
2003 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie p. 58 |
2003 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie et al. p. 10 |
2003 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Currie et al. p. 231 |
2003 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie et al. p. 231 |
2003 | Aublysodon molnari Rauhut p. 43 |
2003 | Tyrannosaurus rex Rauhut p. 43 |
2003 | Tyrannosaurus rex Williamson et al. p. 110A |
2004 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carr and Williamson p. 481 |
2004 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Holtz, Jr. p. 113 |
2004 | Tyrannosaurus rex Holtz, Jr. p. 113 |
2005 | Tyrannosaurus rex Canudo et al. p. 12 |
2005 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carr et al. p. 140 fig. 21 |
2005 | Tyrannosaurus rex Sullivan et al. p. 399 |
2006 | Tyrannosaurus rex Fowler and Sullivan p. 127 |
2006 | Nanotyrannus lencensis Malkani p. 8 |
2006 | Tyranosaurus rex Malkani p. 8 |
2006 | Tyrannosaurus rex Urban and Lamanna p. 234 |
2007 | Tyrannosaurus rex Averianov p. 538 |
2007 | Tyrannosaurus rex Sampson and Witmer p. 38 |
2007 | Tyrannosaurus rex Saveliev and Alifanov p. 282 |
2007 | Tyrannosaurus rex Turner et al. p. 20 fig. 12 |
2008 | Tyrannosaurus rex Cooper et al. |
2008 | Tyrannosaurus rex Irmis and Knoll p. 121 |
2008 | Tyrannosaurus rex Longrich p. 136 |
2008 | Tyrannosaurus rex Manning et al. p. 645 |
2009 | Tyrannosaurus rex Benson and Barrett p. 139 |
2009 | Tyrannosaurus rex Li et al. |
2009 | Tyrannosaurus rex Norell et al. p. 49 |
2010 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carr p. 1219 |
2010 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie and Eberth p. 1279 |
2010 | Tyrannosaurus rex Paulina Carabajal and Canale p. 249 |
2010 | Tyrannosaurus rex Taquet p. 89 |
2010 | Tyrannosaurus rex Torres-Rodríguez et al. p. 78 |
2011 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carr et al. |
2011 | Tyrannosaurus rex Fowler et al. p. 1 |
2011 | Tyrannosaurus rex Hone et al. p. 495 |
2011 | Tyrannosaurus rex Kellner et al. p. 104 |
2011 | Tyrannosaurus rex Turner et al. p. 27 |
2011 | Tyrannosaurus rex Zanno and Makovicky p. 320 |
2012 | Tyrannosaurus rex Averianov and Sues p. 286 |
2012 | Tyrannosaurus rex Cau et al. p. 664 |
2012 | Tyrannosaurus rex Galton and Molnar p. 21 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Armitage and Anderson p. 603 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Dalman p. 242 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Fernandes de Azevedo et al. p. 135 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Ibiricu et al. p. 8 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Novas et al. p. 184 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Poropat and Kear p. 103 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Richter et al. p. 303 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Stein and Triebold p. 56 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Thomson et al. p. 71 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Vajda et al. p. 114 |
2013 | Tyrannosaurus rex Zanno et al. p. 506 |
2014 | Tyrannosaurus rex Hendrickx and Mateus p. 20 |
2014 | Tyrannosaurus rex Williamson and Brusatte p. 7 |
2015 | Tyrannosaurus rex Currie and Koppelhus p. 626 |
2015 | Nanotyrannus lancensis DePalma et al. p. 12 |
2015 | Tyrannosaurus rex DePalma et al. p. 12 |
2015 | Tyrannosaurus rex Torices et al. p. 615 |
2015 | Tyrannosaurus rex White et al. p. 3 |
2016 | Tyrannosaurus rex Claessens and Loewen p. 10 |
2016 | Tyrannosaurus rex Coria and Currie p. 2 |
2016 | Tyrannosaurus rex Lee p. 8 |
2017 | Tyrannosaurus rex Carr et al. p. 7 |
2018 | Tyrannosaurus rex Aureliano et al. p. 286 |
2018 | Tyrannosaurus rex Buckley et al. p. 1234 |
2018 | Tyrannosaurus rex Dal Sasso et al. p. 26 |
2018 | Tyrannosaurus rex Dalman et al. p. 134 |
2018 | Nanotyrannus lancensis Dalman et al. p. 136 |
2018 | Tyrannosaurus rex McDonald et al. p. 2 |
2018 | Tyrannosaurus rex Rauhut et al. p. 17 |
2019 | Tyrannosaurus rex Arden et al. p. 275 |
2019 | Tyrannosaurus rex Brougham et al. p. 14 |
2019 | Tyrannosaurus rex Brownstein p. 4 |
2019 | Tyrannosaurus rex Senter and Sullivan p. 2 |
2019 | Tyrannosaurus rex Xing et al. p. 1137 |
2020 | Tyrannosaurus rex Dalla Vecchia p. 609 |
2020 | Tyrannosaurus rex Gutherz et al. |
2020 | Tyrannosaurus rex Sakagami and Kawabe p. 12 |
2020 | Tyrannosaurus rex Woodward et al. p. 1 |
2021 | Tyrannosaurus rex McFeeters p. 191 |
2021 | Tyrannosaurus rex Titus et al. p. 27 |
2022 | Tyrannosaurus rex Krumenacker et al. p. 1336 |
2022 | Tyrannosaurus imperator Paul et al. p. 174 |
2022 | Tyrannosaurus regina Paul et al. p. 174 |
2022 | Tyrannosaurus rex Paul et al. p. 174 |
2022 | Tyrannosaurus rex Salem et al. p. 8 |
2023 | Tyrannosaurus rex Chamberlain et al. p. 13 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard king]
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Invalid names: Albertosaurus megagracilis Paul 1988 [synonym], Aublysodon molnaris Paul 1988 [synonym], Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus gigas Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus lancensis Gilmore 1946 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus imperator Paul et al. 2022 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus regina Paul et al. 2022 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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H. F. Osborn 1905 | Carnivorous Dinosaurs attaining very large size. Humerus believed to be oL large size and elongate (Brown). No evidence of bony dermal plates (Brown). | |
H. F. Osborn 1905 (Dynamosaurus imperiosus) | Twelve to thirteen mandibular teeth. | |
K. Carpenter 1992 | Angular terminates posterior to the surangular fenestra. Surangular fenestra much larger than in Tyrannosaurus baatar. Maxilla terminates below the lacrymal. | |
K. Carpenter 1992 (Albertosaurus lancensis) | (Cranial) Skull long and low; maxillary fenestra small and separated from antorbital fenestra by a wide bar of the maxillary; antorbital fenestra longer than tall; nasals do not form a wedge between the frontals as in A. libratus and A. sarcophagus; in dorsal view, muzzle well differentiated from cranium so that there was stereoscopic vision. )Postcranial) fourth trochanter more proximal than in A. libratus; proximal articular face of tibia almost triangular, rather than quadrangular as in most tyrannosaurids (except for Maleevosaurus); proximal expansion of fibula is symmetrical relative to long axis of the shaft. | |
G. S. Paul et al. 2022 | generally robust with an adult femur-length/circumference ratio of about 2.4 or less; usually one slender anterior incisiform dentary tooth. | |
G. S. Paul et al. 2022 (Tyrannosaurus imperator) | Generally robust with an adult femur-length/ circumference ratio of 2.4 or less; usually two slender anterior incisiform dentary teeth. | |
G. S. Paul et al. 2022 (Tyrannosaurus regina) | Generally gracile with an adult femur-length/circumference ratio over 2.4, usually one slender anterior incisiform dentary tooth. |