List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
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Mammalia
- Tubulidentata
- Orycteropodidae
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Orycteropus sp.
Geoffroy 1791
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Proboscidea
- Elephantidae
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Elephantidae indet.
Gray 1821
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Stegotetrabelodon orbus
Maglio 1970
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Elephas nawataensis n. sp.
Tassy 2003
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Proboscidea
- Gomphotheriidae
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Gomphotheriidae indet.
Hay 1922
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Anancus kenyensis
MacInnes 1942
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Proboscidea
- Deinotheriidae
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Deinotherium bozasi
Arambourg 1934
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Rhinocerotidae
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Ceratotherium praecox
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5 specimens | |||||||||
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Brachypotherium lewisi
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10 specimens | |||||||||
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Diceros bicornis
(Linnaeus 1758)
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4 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Equidae
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Eurygnathohippus feibeli n. sp.
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24 specimens | |||||||||
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Eurygnathohippus turkanense
(Hooijer and Maglio 1974)
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16 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Bovidae
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Reduncini indet.
Knottnerus-Meyer 1907
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5 specimens | |||||||||
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Menelikia leakeyi
Harris 1991
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Kobus presigmoidalis n. sp.
Harris 2003
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13 specimens | |||||||||
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Kobus laticornis n. sp.
Harris 2003
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11 specimens | |||||||||
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Alcelaphini indet.
Brookes 1876
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Aepyceros premelampus n. sp.
Harris 2003
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58 specimens | |||||||||
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Hippotragini indet.
Sundevall 1845
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Hippotragus sp.
Sundevall 1845
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Damalacra sp.
Gentry 1980
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23 specimens | |||||||||
| sp. A | ||||||||||
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? Praedamalis sp.
Dietrich 1950
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Gazella sp.
Blaineville 1816
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Madoqua sp.
Ogilby 1837
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Bovini indet.
Gray 1821
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Boselaphini indet.
Knottnerus-Meyer 1997
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7 specimens | |||||||||
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Tragoportax sp.
Pilgrim 1937
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2 specimens | |||||||||
| sp. A | ||||||||||
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Tragoportax aff. cyrenaicus
Thomas 1979
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Tragelaphini indet.
Blyth 1863
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Tragelaphus kyaloae
Harris 1991
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Giraffidae
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Palaeotragus sp.
Gaudry 1861
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4 specimens | |||||||||
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Palaeotragus germaini
Arambourg 1959
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4 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Tayassuidae
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Cainochoerus cf. africanus
(Hendy 1976)
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Suidae
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Nyanzachoerus syrticus tulotus
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49 specimens | |||||||||
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Nyanzachoerus cf. australis
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4 specimens | |||||||||
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Nyanzachoerus cf. syrticus
(Leonardi 1954)
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5 specimens | |||||||||
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Nyanzachoerus devauxi
(Arambourg 1968)
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7 specimens | |||||||||
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Potamochoerus sp.
Gray 1854
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Hippopotamidae
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Hexaprotodon harvardi
Coryndon 1977
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63 specimens | |||||||||
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Hexaprotodon lothagamensis n. sp.
Weston 2000
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Hexaprotodon sp.
Falconer and Cautley 1836
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Mustelidae
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Mellivorinae indet.
Gray 1865
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Erokomellivora lothagamensis n. gen., n. sp.
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Amphicyonidae
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Amphicyonidae indet.
Haeckel 1886
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1 specimen | |||||||||
| sp. B | ||||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Felidae
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Dinofelis sp.
Zdansky 1924
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8 specimens | |||||||||
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Lokotunjailurus emageritus n. gen., n. sp.
Werdelin 2003
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15 specimens | |||||||||
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cf. Metailurus sp.
Zdansky 1924
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6 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Hyaenidae
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Hyaenictitherium cf. parvum
Khomenko 1914
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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cf. Hyaenictis sp.
Gaudry 1861
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Viverridae
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Viverridae indet.
Gray 1821
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1 specimen | |||||||||
| large sp. | ||||||||||
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cf. Genetta sp.
Cuvier 1816
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1 specimen | |||||||||
| sp. B | ||||||||||
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Muridae
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Saidomys sp.
James and Slaughter 1974
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Thryonomyidae
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Thryonomys sp.
Fitzinger 1867
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5 specimens | |||||||||
| small sp. | ||||||||||
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Mammalia
- Primates
- Hominidae
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Hominidae indet.
Gray 1825
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Primates
- Cercopithecidae
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Cercopithecidae indet.
Gray 1821
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Parapapio lothagamensis n. sp.
Leakey et al. 2003
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31 specimens | |||||||||
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Colobinae indet.
(Blyth 1875)
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3 specimens | |||||||||
| sp. A | ||||||||||
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Colobinae indet.
(Blyth 1875)
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8 specimens | |||||||||
| sp. B | ||||||||||
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Colobinae indet.
(Blyth 1875)
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4 specimens | |||||||||
| small sp. | ||||||||||
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Reptilia
- Testudines
- Testudinidae
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cf. Geochelone indet.
Fitzinger 1835
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7 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Testudines
- Trionychidae
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Trionychidae indet.
Gray 1825
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4 specimens | |||||||||
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Cycloderma debrionae
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Cycloderma frenatum
Peters 1854
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Testudines
- Podocnemididae
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Turkanemys pattersoni n. gen., n. sp.
Wood 2003
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34 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
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Euthecodon brumpti
(Joleaud 1920)
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13 specimens | |||||||||
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Rimasuchus n. gen. lloydi
(Fourtau 1918)
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9 specimens | |||||||||
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= Crocodylus sp.
Laurenti 1768
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Brochu and Storrs 2012 | |||||||||
| KNM-LT specimens | ||||||||||
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Crocodylus niloticus
Laurenti 1768
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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= Crocodylus checchiai
Maccagno 1947
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Brochu and Storrs 2012 | |||||||||
| KNM-LT 26618 (partial skull) | ||||||||||
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Aves indet.
Linnaeus 1758
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Struthioniformes
- Struthionidae
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cf. Struthio indet.
Linnaeus 1758
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12 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Anseriformes
- Anatidae
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Anatidae indet.
Vigors 1825
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Gruiformes
- Rallidae
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Rallidae indet.
Vigors 1825
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Pelecaniformes
- Pelecanidae
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Pelecanus sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Pelecaniformes
- Ardeidae
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Ardeidae indet.
Leach 1820
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Suliformes
- Anhingidae
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Anhinga cf. rufa
Daudin 1802
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Ciconiiformes
- Ciconiidae
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Leptoptilos cf. crumeniferus
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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Dipnomorpha
- Lepidosirenidae
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Protopterus sp.
Agassiz 1843
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6 specimens | |||||||||
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Cladistia
- Polypteriformes
- Polypteridae
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Polypterus sp.
Lacépède 1803
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231 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Siluriformes
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Siluriformes indet.
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134 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Siluriformes
- Mochokidae
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Synodontis sp.
Cuvier 1816
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4 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Siluriformes
- Bagridae
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Bagridae indet.
Bleeker 1852
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12 specimens | |||||||||
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Bagrus aff. sp.
Bosc 1816
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2 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Siluriformes
- Claroteidae
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Clarotes sp.
Kner 1855
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21 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Characiformes
- Alestidae
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Hydrocynus sp.
Cuvier 1816
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11 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Perciformes
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Perciformes indet.
Bleeker 1859
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5 specimens | |||||||||
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Percoidei indet.
(Bleeker 1859)
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9 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Centropomidae
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Lates niloticus
(Linnaeus 1758)
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5 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Osteoglossiformes
- Gymnarchidae
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Gymnarchus sp.
Cuvier 1829
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9 specimens | |||||||||
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Actinopteri
- Osteoglossiformes
- Osteoglossidae
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Heterotis sp.
Rüppell 1828
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23 specimens | |||||||||
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unclassified
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Sindacharax lothagamensis n. sp.
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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? Schilbe sp.
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1 specimen | |||||||||
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informal Clarias/Heterobranchus sp.
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1420 specimens | |||||||||
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Semlikiichthys cf. rhachirhinchus
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3 specimens | |||||||||
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Eupodotis sp.
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
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Abudhabia sp.
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
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Malacostraca
- Decapoda
- Potamonautidae
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Potamonautidae indet.
Bott 1970
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17 specimens | |||||||||
| see common names | ||||||||||
Geography
| Country: | Kenya |
| Coordinates: | 2.9° North, 36.1° East (view map) |
| Paleocoordinates: | 2.6° North, 35.5° East |
| Basis of coordinate: | stated in text |
| Geographic resolution: | local area |
Stratigraphy
| Formation: | Nawata or Nachukui | Member: | Upper Nawata and Apak | ||
| Stratigraphic resolution: | member | ||||
| Stratigraphy comments: K-Ar dating constrains the Upper Nawata Member to 6.54 +/- 0.04 Ma (Marker Tuff) and 4.22 +/- 0.03 Ma (pumice clasts from 35 m above the top of the Upper Nawata Purple Marker). Thus, top of the Upper Nawata is older than 4.2 Ma, and is estimated to be 5.0 Ma. | |||||
Lithology and environment
| Primary lithology: | current ripples,"cross stratification",grading poorly lithified sandy sandstone | ||
| Secondary lithology: | tuffaceous poorly lithified mudstone | ||
| Includes fossils? | Y | ||
| Lithology description: The Upper Nawata is characterized by thick, multistoried sandstone bodies, with subsidiary mudstones, and by a paucity of altered distal tephra. The type section consists of some 75% sandstones, 21% mudstones, and 4% altered tephra. The basal unit of the member is a tephra complex termed the Marker Tuff. This complex consists of a thin-bedded, relatively homogeneous lower interval (interpreted as airfall tuff), overlain by a massive, poorly sorted sandy tuff. Sandstones of the upper Nawata are typically characterized by well-developed epsilon cross-stratification and trough cross-beds in the coarser units, grading into small-scale troughs and ripple marks in the overlying finer intervals, with abrupt transitions back to coarser sands. Mudstones are subordinate, but where present they show characteristics of paleosol development. (ref # 8636 p. 22-23). | |||
| Environment: | fluvial indet. | Tectonic setting: | rift |
| Geology comments: Upper Nawata strata indicated that subsidence rates decreased dramatically, allowing the fluvial system to rework overbank deposits- recycling mud into clay to produce the characteristic multistoried sandstones. Probably decrased chanel flow, perhaps to a seasonal state. Environmental conditions suggested to be generally drier than previous or subsequent times. | |||
Taphonomy
| Modes of preservation: | body |
| Degree of concentration: | dispersed |
| Size of fossils: | macrofossils,mesofossils |
| Spatial orientation: | random |
| Preservation of anatomical detail: | good |
| Articulated whole bodies: | none |
| Associated major elements: | some |
| Disassociated major elements: | many |
| Disassociated minor elements: | many |
| Size sorting: | poor |
| Fragmentation: | frequent |
| Feeding/predation traces: | fractures |
| Temporal resolution: | time-averaged |
Collection methods and comments
| Collection methods: | bulk,surface (in situ),mechanical,sieve,field collection |
| Collection size: | 2463 specimens |
| Reason for describing collection: | paleoecologic analysis |
| Collection method comments: Held at the Kenya National Museums, Nairobi (KNM-LT-). Surface collection. | |
Metadata
| Also known as: | ETE Locality 1065, Lothagam 1C, Lothagam 1, Lothagam, Lothagam-Upper Nawata | ||
| Database number: | 22242 | ||
| Authorizer: | A. Behrensmeyer, P. Mannion | Enterer: | A. Behrensmeyer, P. Mannion, S. Cote |
| Modifier: | G. Varnham | Research group: | vertebrate |
| Created: | 1999-06-30 00:00:00 | Last modified: | 2022-04-27 05:30:36 |
| Access level: | the public | Released: | 1999-06-30 00:00:00 |
| Creative Commons license: | CC BY | ||
Reference information
Primary reference:
| 8636. | ETE | M. G. Leakey and J. M. Harris. 2003. Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa. Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa 678 [A. Behrensmeyer/R. Bobe/R. Bobe] |
Secondary references:
| 46593 | C. A. Brochu and G. W. Storrs. 2012. A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of Crocodylus in Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(3):587-602 [P. Mannion/P. Mannion] | |
| 5448 | ETE 1183 | M. G. Leakey and C. Feibel. 1996. Lothagam: a record of faunal change in the late Miocene of East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3):556-570 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/J. Alroy] |