PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127533 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							0.129
			Irvingtonian							0.21
						Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian								0.774
			Blancan							1.4
						Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian		MN 17		Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian		MN 17		Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16		Mangapanian				2.58
				MN 16		Waipipian				3
				MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean								3.6
						Opoitian				3.7
				MN 14						4.2
			Hemphillian	MN 14						4.7
				MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian		MN 12						7.246
				MN 11						7.75
				MN 10						8.7
			Clarendonian	MN 10						9.4
				MN 9						9.7
				MN 9	Southland	Waiauan				11.04
				MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian								11.63
			Barstovian							12.5
				MN 6						12.8 *
				MN 6		Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian		MN 5		Lillburnian				13.82
						Clifdenian				15.1
					Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian		MN 4						15.98
			Hemingfordian	MN 4						16.3
			Hemingfordian	MN 3						16.9
			Arikareean							18.5
						Otaian				18.7
				MN 2						20
		Aquitanian								20.44
					Landon	Waitakian				21.7
				MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
						Duntroonian				25.2
						Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian								27.82
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							33.9
					Arnold	Runangan				34.6
						Kaiatan				36.7
			Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian								37.71
						Bortonian				39.1
			Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
						Heretaungan				45.7
			Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian					47.8
						Mangaorapan	48.9
			Wasatchian			Mangaorapan	50.5
			Wasatchian			Waipawan	52
			Clarkforkian			Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Teurian	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian	Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian			489.5
						Aksaian			490.7 *
						Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian		Paibian					494
								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
					Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian		Amgan/Solvan			509
						Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian		Botomian			514
		Stage 3		Nangaoian		Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian					Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian			Manykaian †		530.7
										538.8