The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

• K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
• W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
• F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
• P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
• Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
• F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
• J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
• M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
• M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

• Cenozoic Subepochs
• Obsolete Names for ICS Units
• Ten Million Year Bins
• Mesozoic Subages
• Cretaceous Subepochs
• Carboniferous Subepochs
• Devonian Subages
• Cambrian Epochs
• European Faunal Units
• European Faunal Zones
• Mammal Paleogene Zones
• Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
• Central Paratethys Stages
• Neogene Mammal Ages of China
• Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
• North American Land Mammal Ages
• North American Mammal Subages/Zones
• South American Land Mammal Ages
• Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
• Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
• Ammonite Chrons of North America
• Permian of the Russian Platform
• Permian of the Pamirs
• Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
• Permian Subages of Germany
• Permian of Western Europe
• Permian of the Salt Range
• Permian of China
• Permian of North America
• Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform
• Carboniferous of Western Europe
• Carboniferous of China
• Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
• Carboniferous of North America
• Devonian of France
• Devonian of Germany
• Devonian of Czechoslovakia
• Devonian of Eastern North America
• Silurian of the Baltic
• Silurian Ages of Europe
• Silurian of England
• Silurian of North America
• Ordovician of Britain
• Ordovician of the Baltic
• Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
• Ordovician of Australia
• Ordovician of China
• Ordovician of North America
• Cambrian of China
• Cambrian of Australia
• Cambrian of Siberia
• Cambrian of Kazakhstan
• Cambrian of North America
• Cambrian of West Avalonia
• Cambrian of Britain
• Precambrian of Russia
• Obsolete Precambrian Ages
• Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
• Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126576 collections