PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126089 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.129
								Ensenadan				0.3 *
					Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian							0.774
					Nukumaruan							1.63
								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					Vorohuean				2.58
								Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
					Waipipian							3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Waipipian							3.6
					Opoitian			Montehermosan				3.7 *
					Opoitian			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Waiauan							11.63
					Lillburnian							13.05
								Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
					Clifdenian							15.1
					Clifdenian			Friasian				15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
					Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian										20.44
								Deseadan				20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene		Waitakian							23.03
					Duntroonian							25.2
					Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									33.9
				Arnold	Runangan							34.6
					Runangan			Divisaderan				35.9 *
					Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian										41.2
								Mustersan				41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
					Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									47.8
								Casamayoran				47.9 *
					Mangaorapan							48.9
					Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian			Riochican				56
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene					Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian	Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dobrotivian								458.5 *
			Oretanian								459.7 *
						Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †	467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian		509
		Stage 3		Branchian		514
		Stage 3		Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
												538.8