PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Australia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Monroecreekian						23.1 *
				Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian						27.82
		Rupelian								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian								37
		Bartonian								37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian	Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dobrotivian					458.5 *
			Oretanian					459.7 *
				Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian						485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian						486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian						489.5
		Paibian	Idamean						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan						497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian						499
		Drumian	Undillan						500.5
		Drumian	Floran						503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian						504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian						509
		Stage 4							510.8 *
		Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8