PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126103 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of North America		Permian of Western Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene						7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene						15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Kunae												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae												184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis											190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras										196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites												196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian					485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
								Aksaian						490.7 *
								Sakian						492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †					Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian												499.5
		Drumian											Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian			Topazan						504.5
				505.3			Topazan
				Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †		509
			Toyonian				510 *
			Toyonian	Dyeran			511 *
			Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3					514
				Montezuman			514.8 *
			Atdabanian	Montezuman			515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
															538.8