PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean		Tertiary †				2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
					Hemphillian							4.7
						Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
					Clarendonian							9.4
						Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian				Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
					Hemingfordian							16.3
					Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan						16.9
					Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
					Whitneyan							29.5
					Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian							47.8
					Wasatchian							50.5
					Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian			Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian		443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
				Dobrotivian	458.5 *
				Oretanian	459.7 *
					Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian						485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian						489.5
				Aksaian						490.7 *
				Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian						Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian		Stage 5 †					504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4									509
				Toyonian							510 *
				Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian							514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
												538.8