PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126480 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene			15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene			23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian			Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene			47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene			56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					Cretaceous 4				100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian					Cretaceous 3				113
		Aptian	Early Aptian					Cretaceous 3				119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian							208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		251.902
		Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3		Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Permian 3		Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Permian 1	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4					453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3							458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
					Oretanian						459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
												538.8