PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125964 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian						0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
									Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
									Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian		3
		Zanclean							Waipipian		3.6
									Opoitian		3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
								Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian									11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
									Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian		13.82
									Clifdenian		15.1
								Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
									Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
									Duntroonian		25.2
									Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
								Arnold	Runangan		34.6
									Kaiatan		36.7
											37
		Bartonian									37.71
									Bortonian		39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
									Heretaungan		45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
									Mangaorapan		48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan		50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan		52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Teurian		56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1					Haumurian
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara				Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence				Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					Motuan	100.5
			Late Albian					Urutawan	103.3
			Middle Albian					Urutawan	106.2 *
			Middle Albian	Taitai				Korangan	108.4
			Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						113
			Late Aptian						117.5
			Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian						139.8
			Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
			Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
						Dobrotivian		458.5 *
						Oretanian		459.7 *
				Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8